Low back pain is a group of symptoms that are common in clinical practice. Throughout our lives, we can all be afflicted with varying degrees of low back pain or leg pain. Low back pain is what has been involved since the history of medicine has been recorded in humans. According to epidemiological surveys, more than 80% of people have suffered from low back pain during their lifetime, and 20% to 25% of adults have been affected by low back pain at least once in their lifetime. The onset of the disease includes pain in the lower back, lumbosacral region, sacroiliac region and buttocks, and may be accompanied by pain in one or both lower extremities, and may be accompanied by symptoms of cauda equina nerve compression. The causes of low back pain are numerous and include injury, degeneration, inflammation, deformity and tumor. There are several common types of low back and leg pain, and the treatment of different lesions varies greatly. I. Injury: Injury is a common cause of low back pain, including fracture, dislocation, and acute injury and chronic strain of soft tissues such as muscles, fascia and ligaments. Chronic strain injury is more common than acute injury clinically. Severe fractures and dislocations of the lumbar spine often require surgical treatment, depending on the condition. On the contrary, soft tissue injuries, such as lumbar sprain, lumbar strain, interspinous ligament strain, etc., can be cured by medication and rehabilitation physiotherapy, etc. Second, degeneration: bone, cartilage, ligaments and intervertebral discs and other tissues are subject to degeneration, which is the result of natural aging of the human body and is the most common cause of low back pain. External factors such as excessive exercise, strong physical labor and occupation contribute to early degeneration and accelerate the rate of degeneration. Common diseases include lumbar disc herniation, spinal stenosis, lumbar instability, and lumbar osteoarthritis (osteophytes). These diseases account for a large proportion of the clinical population, and a significant number of patients can be relieved or even cured by rehabilitation physiotherapy and drugs. If the disc herniation is more severe, with significant nerve entrapment, severe pain that cannot be relieved and continues to worsen, or manifestations of extensive muscle atrophy, sensory impairment and cauda equina damage, surgery is likely to be required. Severe spinal stenosis and lumbar instability will also require surgical treatment. The surgical treatment can be minimally invasive or conventional, depending on the specific lesion. Patients with spinal stenosis and lumbar instability are likely to undergo simultaneous lumbar fusion surgery. Third, inflammatory diseases: refers to ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyelitis (myofasciitis), etc. Infectious diseases include tuberculosis and septic infection. These diseases must receive standardized treatment in regular hospitals. Fourth, osteoporosis: a common cause of back pain in the elderly. Treatment is needed for osteoporosis and should focus on protection against fractures. If a vertebral compression fracture occurs, percutaneous vertebroplasty can be performed. This method can be used to reset and strengthen the injured lumbar vertebrae with less pain and quicker results through the penetration method. V. Tumors: There are primary tumors or tumor-like lesions such as giant cell tumor of bone, chordoma, eosinophilic granuloma, neurofibroma, nerve sheath membrane tumor and hemangioma, and metastatic tumors mainly from lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer and kidney cancer. Hematological diseases include multiple myeloma and leukemia. These diseases are very dangerous to health and easy to miss diagnosis because of neglect. Back and leg pain is often an early symptom of certain malignant tumors. So don’t take low back pain lightly, go to the hospital and receive the necessary examination as soon as possible. Sixth, congenital malformations: congenital variants of the lumbar spine are not uncommon, such as spina bifida, migrating vertebrae, isthmic discontinuity of the vertebral arch and asymmetric fusion of the fifth lumbar transverse process with the sacral vertebra. However, congenital malformations of the lumbar spine do not necessarily produce clinical symptoms. Seven, visceral lesions: diseases of the stomach, duodenum, pancreas, kidneys and gynecological inflammation can all manifest with lumbar pain and leg pain. As mentioned above, not all low back pain requires surgery, most patients can achieve effective relief through comprehensive treatment, the key is to identify the cause as early as possible as well as early treatment to avoid delay. In daily life, it is important to take care of your spine, maintain a good sitting and standing posture, and work in the right way to minimize the chance of injury.