Thyroid cancer usually requires surgery. Differentiated cancers can be treated with surgery, while undifferentiated cancers and medullary thyroid cancers are treated with surgery after diagnosis. Differentiated cancers include follicular carcinoma and papillary carcinoma. Generally, if there are no uncomfortable symptoms in the early stage, surgery can be accepted under the guidance of doctors and in accordance with the actual situation. If the situation is not serious, conservative treatment can be considered. Undifferentiated carcinoma and medullary carcinoma belong to highly malignant thyroid cancers, which need to be operated in time after diagnosis, or else they will have serious effects in the later stage and may jeopardize the patient’s condition at any time. Thyroid cancer is usually treated by total thyroidectomy, after which iodine 131 treatment is routinely performed to prevent recurrence; and levothyroxine replacement therapy is also performed. Generally speaking, differentiated thyroid cancer has low malignancy and good prognosis, and the 5-year survival rate can reach more than 90%; medullary carcinoma and undifferentiated thyroid cancer have high malignancy, and the prognosis is often poor. After thyroid cancer surgery, the thyroxine level needs to be rechecked regularly, and attention should be paid to whether there is any recurrence.