General prevention: (1), the recurrence rate of urinary stones is quite high, after 5-10 years of follow-up, 50% of women and 100% of men recurred, so it is very important to prevent recurrence. (2), drink a lot of water is a simple and effective way to prevent and control any stone component, keep urine volume more than 2000ml per day, urine naked eye colorless or light yellow, drinking water method: the excretion of stone component mostly peaks at night and early morning, therefore, in addition to drinking water during the day, before bed, after getting up during sleep to urinate must also drink water, pay attention to drink water 2-3 h after meals, generally drink 300-500ml once. (3), develop Good eating habits, dinner should be early, before going to bed should be urinated in various crystal substances out of the body. Do not drink milk before going to bed. 2 to 3 h after drinking milk is the peak of calcium excretion in the kidneys, and stones are easily formed. (4) Targeted prevention according to the composition of stones: 1. Calcium stones: 50% of pure calcium oxalate stones and 25% of mixed calcium oxalate phosphate stones. Calcium-containing stones: mainly composed of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate, accounting for 80% of all stones, have a brown mulberry or crystalline appearance, and are clearly visible on X-ray. Calcium-containing stones are very hard (+++) and are usually formed in neutral urine. Prevention of calcium-containing urinary stones: 1. Oxalate stones: Avoid foods with high oxalic acid content such as strong tea, coffee, spinach, pickles, bamboo shoots, strawberries, cilantro, potatoes, and green fava beans. Milk, corn, whole grains, wheat can be consumed; 2. Calcium phosphate: low meat protein diet, daily intake should be limited to 150g; low sodium diet, less than 2g per day; avoid pumpkin seeds, coffee, strong tea 3. Normal range or appropriate degree of high calcium diet can reduce the excretion of oxalic acid in the urine, more dairy products (milk, cheese, yogurt, etc.), tofu and small fish and other foods; 4. Rafters can inhibit the aggregation and growth of crystals and prevent stone formation. Patients are advocated to eat more foods rich in rafters, such as citrus, grapes, grapefruit, etc.; 5. Vitamin C is able to generate oxalic acid after natural transformation. It is recommended that patients with recurrent calcium oxalate stones avoid high doses of vitamin C; 6. Weight loss; 2. Infected stones are much less hard than calcium-containing stones (+) and are generally formed in alkaline urine. Prevention of infected stones: 1. A diet low in calcium and phosphorus is recommended; 2. Antibiotics are recommended for the treatment of infections according to drug sensitivity tests. Emphasize the need for an adequate course of anti-infective therapy. Pay attention to the monthly bacterial culture, if bacteria are found again or the patient has symptoms of urinary tract infection, restore the medication to the therapeutic amount to better control the infection; 3. Acidification of urine can improve the solubility of phosphate, take vinegar. Uric acid stones: The main component is uric acid, which accounts for 10% of all stones, and is brownish red or golden yellow in appearance. Uric acid stones are hard (++) and usually form in acidic urine. Prevention of uric acid stones: 1. Avoid excessive consumption of purine-rich foods such as poultry, meat, crustaceans, lentils, fish, black tea, cocoa, coffee and alcohol; limit the consumption of meat and fish to no more than 100 g per day; avoid eating seafood such as sea cucumber, sea fish, seaweed, sea vegetables and other seafood, cauliflower and animal offal; see my other article “Reference for patients with uric acid stones: list of purine content in food 2. Alkalinize urine: maintain urine pH between 6.5 and 6.8. Sodium bicarbonate 1.0 g can be given 3 times/d; 3. Reduce uric acid formation: 300 mg/d of allopurinol should be given orally for increased blood uric acid or uric acid. Cystine stones: The main component is cystine, which accounts for 1% of all stones and has a yellow waxy appearance. Cystine stones are hard (++) and form in acidic urine. Prevention of cystine stones: 1. Drink plenty of water to increase the solubility of cystine and ensure a daily urine volume of 3000 ml or more; 2. Alkalize the urine; 3. Reduce methionine in the diet.