The purpose of bone aspiration for anemia is to clarify the cause of anemia. Bone aspiration is performed to take a small number of bone marrow cells for smear examination. Through cytological examination of bone marrow smear, it is possible to understand the production of various cells in the bone marrow, the morphology and composition of various cells, and the detection of abnormal cells, in order to clarify the diagnosis, observe the efficacy and assess the prognosis. In the process of hematology treatment, repeated bone marrow aspiration is often required to analyze the efficacy and guide the next step of treatment. Bone marrow is the primary blood-forming organ, and many blood disorders originate from the bone marrow. The hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow are also altered after the onset of a hematologic disease, so taking a small amount of bone marrow and analyzing the hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow, in conjunction with clinical practice, can often provide a definitive determination of some hematologic diseases and a degree of clinical support for the diagnosis. Diseases that can be diagnosed by bone marrow aspiration include various types of leukemia, various types of multiple myeloma, Gaucher’s disease, Niemann’s disease, metastases from other sites of cancer and certain primary infectious diseases, as well as some compound diseases such as iron deficiency anemia, aplastic anemia, and thrombocytopenic purpura.