The reasons why cancer cannot be detected in esophageal cancer surgical resection specimen are benign tumor, cancer cells are not detected in the biopsy site, or the examination result is wrong. It is suggested that the patient can have a review to clarify the diagnosis, or improve other related examinations to help determine the diagnosis. Histopathological examination is generally an important means to confirm the diagnosis of tumor, but if cancer cannot be detected in surgical resection specimen of esophageal cancer, it may be because the tumor itself is benign, no cancer cells are present in the surgical resection specimen, or there is an error in the examination result of the hospital’s laboratory, and so on. Patients who are highly suspected of esophageal cancer are recommended to have a review after a period of time. It is suggested that patients can undergo gastroscopy, barium esophagography, CT, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonic endoscopy, positron emission imaging and other tests to assist doctors in diagnosis.