In cirrhosis, when the portal vein pressure increases beyond 200 mm water column, the return blood flow from the normal digestive organs and spleen through the liver is obstructed, resulting in the establishment of portal-body collateral circulation between many parts of the portal system and the vena cava. As a result of portal hypertension in cirrhosis, the normal hepatic portal vessels are blocked and blood enters the vena cava system through the anastomosis between the two. As the veins at the anastomosis are fine, the increased blood flow will be varicose and once ruptured can lead to hemorrhage, such as vomiting blood, blood in the stool, and varicose veins will be seen around the umbilicus. Various pathogenic factors cause severe damage to the hepatic parenchymal cells and Kupffer cells. Its main collateral circulation is as follows: 1. At the bottom of the stomach, the coronary veins of the portal vein system, etc. anastomose with the intercostal veins, septal veins, esophageal veins and hemichoric veins of the vena cava system, forming varices of the lower esophagus and gastric veins. These varices are supported by the unconsolidated submucosal tissue and are often subject to friction from food and erosion by acidic gastric juice from the refluxed whole esophagus, which can easily rupture and bleed, and can be fatal in severe cases. Traditionally, two hypotheses, namely acid reflux erosion of esophageal mucosa and increased portal vein pressure, are used to explain the rupture and bleeding of varices in the esophagogastric fundus. Increased portal vein pressure, thickening of the variceal vein and thinning of the wall can cause the variceal vein wall pressure to increase beyond its elastic limit and lead to rupture and bleeding. Measurement of variceal wall pressure has important clinical significance in predicting variceal bleeding. 2, The subcutaneous veins around the umbilicus are connected to the umbilical vein during fetal period and after birth, the umbilical vein is occluded. In portal hypertension as the umbilical vein reopens and enlarges, subcutaneous varicose veins can be seen around the umbilicus and in the epigastrium. 3.The upper hemorrhoidal vein of the portal venous system anastomoses with the middle and lower hemorrhoidal veins of the intestinal venous system to form hemorrhoids. 4.Collateral circulation is established in all abdominal organs in contact with retroperitoneal tissues or adhering to the abdominal wall, including the paraumbilical veins from the liver to the septum, the veins in the splenorenal ligament and omentum, the lumbar veins or the posterior abdominal wall veins, and the veins formed in the scar tissue of the caesarean section operator.