Lumbar disc herniation, one of the most important causes of lower back pain, is also the main cause of orthopedic spinal surgery patients. In the past, the lumbar spine was mostly treated with small openings and nucleus pulposus removal under direct visualization. However, with the development of minimally invasive technology, our department has gradually adopted the minimally invasive treatment of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) under microscope, and the indications are expanding. The so-called lumbar disc herniation is also known as herniated nucleus pulposus (or prolapse) or ruptured annulus fibrosus of lumbar intervertebral disc. Lumbar disc herniation refers to a series of symptoms caused by the herniated nucleus pulposus of the lumbar intervertebral disc compressing the surrounding nerve tissues, and is a relatively common type of back and leg pain in clinical practice, mainly due to the various parts of the lumbar intervertebral discs (nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, and cartilage), especially the nucleus pulposus, which has different degrees of degenerative changes, and then the annulus fibrosus ruptures under the action of external factors, the nucleus pulposus tissues protrudes from the ruptured place (or comes out) and is then released into the posterior or the spinal canal. The nucleus pulposus protrudes (or prolapses) from the ruptured area to the posterior or the spinal canal, leading to irritation or compression of adjacent tissues, such as spinal nerve roots, spinal cord, etc., resulting in lumbar pain, numbness and pain in the lower limbs or both lower limbs, numbness and tingling in the perineum due to compression of the cauda equina nerve, dysfunction of bowel and urinary tract, urinary incontinence in females and impotence in males, and loss of control of bowel and urinary control in the severe cases, as well as incomplete paralysis of both lower limbs, and a series of other clinical symptoms. In lumbar disc herniation, the nucleus pulposus is usually dislodged in the direction of the spinal canal (i.e., to the back), while dislodgment in the direction of the vertebral body (i.e., upward or downward) is less common. A herniated nucleus pulposus that stops at the anterior aspect of the posterior longitudinal ligament is called a “protrusion”; while one that crosses the posterior longitudinal ligament and enters the spinal canal is called a “prolapse”. Lumbar disc herniation can be categorized according to the direction of the herniated nucleus pulposus: (1) Unilateral lumbar disc herniation, which usually produces symptoms on one side of the lower extremity only. (2) Bilateral lumbar disc herniation, which produces bilateral lower extremity symptoms. (3) Central lumbar disc herniation, which can compress the cauda equina nerve, manifesting perineal paralysis and urinary and fecal symptoms. Treatment of lumbar disc herniation (a) non-surgical treatment: lumbar disc herniation: lying down on a hard bed to rest, supplemented by physical therapy and massage, can often be relieved or cured. With appropriate pain relief and anti-inflammatory drugs and neurotrophic drugs, it can be relieved. (ii) Surgery: The indications for lumbar disc herniation surgery are: ① Ineffective or recurring non-surgical treatment of lumbar disc herniation, with severe symptoms affecting work and life. (2) The symptoms of nerve damage are obvious and extensive, and even continue to deteriorate, and it is suspected that the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc has completely ruptured and the nucleus pulposus fragments have protruded into the vertebral canal. (iii) Centralized lumbar disc herniation with urinary and fecal dysfunction. (4) Lumbar intervertebral disc herniation combined with obvious lumbar spinal stenosis. Heavy labor should be avoided within six months after surgery.