Prolapse, also known as rectal prolapse, is a pathological condition in which the lower end of the anal canal, rectum or even sigmoid colon is displaced downward and protrudes outside the anus. Only submucosal prolapse is incomplete prolapse, while full rectal prolapse is complete prolapse. The prolapse is called internal prolapse if the prolapsed part is located in the rectum, and external prolapse if it comes out of the anus. Symptoms and signs 1. Partial prolapse: the mucosa of the lower rectum is separated from the muscle layer and displaced downward to form a fold, so it is also called mucosal prolapse or incomplete prolapse. The prolapsed tissue is less, the length is 2-5cm, can be part of the mucosa or the whole circle of mucosal prolapse, can be arranged in a radial pattern. The prolapsed part is two layers of mucosa, and there is no groove gap between it and the anus. 2.Complete prolapse: the whole layer of rectum is prolapsed, and in serious cases, both rectum and anal canal are turned out of the anus. The prolapsed tissue is more than 10cm in length, the shape is pagoda-like, the mucosal folds are arranged in a circular pattern, and the prolapsed part is two layers of folded intestinal wall tissue. Most adults are completely prolapsed, more women, often accompanied by anal dysfunction. Treatment 1. Non-surgical treatment (1) Correct constipation and develop good bowel habits. (2) Treat chronic cough and diarrhea, and remove the factors of increased intra-abdominal pressure. (3) Prevent damage to the prolapsed mucosa: rectal prolapse needs to be immediately held back to prevent damage to the prolapsed mucosa, and after reset, the anal canal can be blocked with gauze rolls, or the anal canal can be compressed with a thong belt to prevent prolapse. (4) Local injection method: 5% to 10% phenol glycerin is injected into the rectal submucosa through the anus to make the mucosa adhere to the muscle layer; or perineal injection is made through the perineum to make the rectum adhere to the surrounding tissues. 2.Surgical treatment Adult complete rectal prolapse is mainly treated surgically, and there are many surgical methods and debates on the choice. According to the surgical access is divided into transabdominal, transperineal and transabdominal perineal surgery. Patients with good systemic conditions are treated by transabdominal surgery, while elderly and high-risk patients are treated by transepithelial surgery. Depending on the etiology and pathological changes, there are many surgical options available. The general surgical approach is to eliminate the rectal bladder or uterine sink, repair and strengthen the pelvic floor and anal sphincter, raise and fix the rectum, and remove part of the redundant rectum and sigmoid colon.