Routine urine test is one of the most commonly used tests and is a basic indicator of the health status of the body. Routine urine tests can directly and quickly reflect the urinary system, kidney metabolism and other conditions. Therefore, regular routine urine examination has a strong reference value and clinical significance for the timely detection of urinary system diseases and kidney damage.
1, in a routine urine test sheet, if some items written after the “+” sign (or “+ + +”, “+ + + +”, indicating the degree of different), which in medical terms is called positive result;
2. A “-” sign is called a negative result. Positive results are usually a sign of urinary tract disease. A large number of white blood cells (WBC++ – ++++) reported on the report card indicates a urinary tract infection;
3, a large number of red blood cells (RBC+–+++) in the urine, indicating the presence of urinary tract stones, tumors, infections or urinary system damage.
4, if there is a tubular type in the urine test, it means that there is some damage to the kidney, which is common in acute and chronic nephritis, pyelonephritis or nephrotic syndrome, etc.
The indicators and specific clinical significance of the urine routine laboratory test are as follows.
I. Urine leukocytes (LEU)
Normal human centrifugal urine leukocytes do not exceed 5 per high magnification field of view. More than 5 per high-powered field of view is called leukocyte urine. When there are a large number of leukocytes, it is called pus urine.
Normal reference value: 0-5/HP
Clinical significance: Increased, seen in urinary tract infections such as pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis, etc. Chemical detection of urine leukocytes and red blood cells only play a screening role, the clinical diagnosis is based on the results of microscopic examination.
Second, urine ketone body (Ket) normal reference value: negative (-)
Clinical significance: Positive, seen in severe diabetes, pregnancy poisoning, prolonged fasting, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration or excessive fat intake.
Urinary nitrite (NIT) normal reference value: negative (-)
Clinical significance: Positive, suggesting the possibility of urinary tract stones or infection. If the specimen is placed for a long time, it may also be false positive.
Urobilinogen (UBG), urinary bilirubin (BIL) Normal reference value: negative (-)
Clinical significance: Urobilinogen and urinary bilirubin positive, mostly suggest the presence of jaundice, which helps the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of jaundice. However, sometimes there are false positives, which need to be combined with the serum bilirubin test to determine.
V. Normal reference value of urine protein (PRO): negative (-)
Clinical significance: normal urine routine examination is generally without protein, or only a trace. Increased and persistent urine protein is mostly seen in kidney disease. However, transient proteinuria can also occur with fever, strenuous exercise, and during pregnancy. Therefore, it is necessary to follow up and observe the cause of protein in the urine.
Glucose (Glu) can be found in normal people when they take a large amount of glucose solution within a short period of time, after exercise, or during pregnancy. Normal reference value: Negative (-)
Clinical significance: Positive. Positive urine glucose should be analyzed in conjunction with clinical analysis. It may be diabetes mellitus or nephrogenic glycosuria due to lowered renal glucose threshold and should be clearly diagnosed in conjunction with blood glucose test and other examination results. Since vitamin C and aspirin in urine can affect the urine sugar results, it is necessary to stop taking vitamin C and aspirin 24 hours before checking urine sugar.
VII. Specific gravity of urine (SG)
The specific gravity of urine is low in infants and children. The specific gravity of urine is influenced by age, water intake and sweating. The specific gravity of urine depends mainly on the concentration function of the kidneys, so the determination of the specific gravity of urine can be used as one of the indicators to detect kidney function.
Normal reference value: 1.010-1.030
Clinical significance: Decreased urine specific gravity: common in chronic pyelonephritis, urolithiasis, chronic glomerulonephritis, polyuric phase of acute renal failure, etc. Increased urine specific gravity: seen in hyperthermia and dehydration, acute glomerulonephritis, cardiac insufficiency. Proteinuria and diabetic patients also have increased urine specific gravity.
Eight, urine pH (pH) pH (acidity and alkalinity) is generally around 6.0. Normal urine is weakly acidic. The pH of urine depends largely on the type of diet, the drugs taken and the type of disease.
Normal reference value: 5.0-8.0
Clinical significance: urine pH is less than normal: common in acidosis, diabetes, gout, taking acidic drugs; urine pH is greater than normal: mostly seen in alkalosis, cystitis or taking alkaline drugs such as sodium bicarbonate, etc.
Nine, urine red blood cells (RBC) can occasionally be seen in normal urine, not more than three per high-powered field of view after centrifugation and precipitation. Normal reference value:0-3/HP
Clinical significance: Commonly seen in urinary stones, infections, tumors, etc. Strenuous exercise and impaired blood circulation can also lead to increased glomerular permeability and the appearance of protein and red blood cells in the urine.
Ten, urine occult blood (ERY) normal reference value: negative (-)
Clinical significance: negative urine occult blood test in normal conditions. If the urine is positive for occult blood and protein at the same time, the first consideration is kidney disease, bleeding disorders, further kidney function tests can be done; if the urine is negative for protein, the site and nature of bleeding should be identified at the relevant specialist. It is generally believed that the lower urethral bleeding may not be obvious because the red blood cells are not destroyed. Urine occult blood also has false positive times, then should be combined with urine sediment examination to clarify its true or false, if necessary, can do urine red blood cell bit phase examination.
Eleven, urine tube type (KLG) normal reference value: negative (-)
Clinical significance: the presence of tubular type in the urine, especially granular tubular type, cellular tubular type are signs of substantial kidney damage.
Twelve, urinary epithelial cells (SPC) normal reference value: negative(-)
Clinical significance: A small amount of epithelial cells in urine is of little clinical significance. When a large number of appear, if we can exclude the contamination of vaginal secretions, we should consider the presence of inflammation of the urinary system. In this case, if the morphological examination of urinary epithelial cells is added, the origin of the epithelial cells can be determined.