Myth 1: Vaccination affects a child’s autoimmunity. Correct: Vaccines do not weaken a normal infant’s immune system at all; instead, they enhance the infant’s ability to protect against serious diseases. Myth #2: If you are vaccinated, you are 100% immune. Correct: Vaccines only prevent against specific classes of pathogens, not all types. In addition, although vaccination protects the vast majority of people from disease, all vaccines do not provide 100% protection. In addition, some vaccinees may fail to receive the vaccine after vaccination due to individual-specific reasons, such as low immune response capacity. Myth 3: Improving personal hygiene and environmental sanitation will keep you away from diseases, and there is no need for vaccination. Correct: No matter how clean the environment is, many infectious diseases can still be spread. Without immunization, some diseases that are no longer common, such as crepitus and measles, can quickly re-emerge. Stop the immunization program and the diseases prevented by the vaccine will return. Myth 4: It is better to obtain immunity through disease than through vaccines. Correct: Vaccines interact with the immune system to produce an immune response similar to that produced through natural infections, but vaccines do not cause disease or expose the vaccinated person to potential complications. In contrast, immunity through natural infections can be costly; for example, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection can cause mental retardation, rubella can cause birth defects, hepatitis B virus can cause liver cancer, and measles can cause death. Myth 5: Self-pay vaccines (Type II vaccines) are not necessary. Correct: The second vaccine is an effective supplement to the immunization plan and prevents some common diseases, such as chickenpox vaccine, pneumococcal vaccine, rotavirus vaccine, etc. Some second vaccines are already included in the immunization plan in some countries. When receiving self-funded vaccines, they can be chosen according to the specific situation of children and the recommendation of doctors, under the principles of informed, voluntary, self-funded, on-demand and scientific. Relative contraindications: active tuberculosis, diarrhea, fever, acute infectious diseases, etc., can be vaccinated after the condition is stabilized and health is restored; absolute contraindications: clear history of allergy, immune diseases, malignant tumors, neurological diseases, psychiatric diseases, immunodeficiency diseases, etc.; special contraindications: e.g. tuberculosis patients cannot be vaccinated with BCG vaccine, and children with a history of convulsions cannot be vaccinated with DPT3 vaccine. 2. Vaccination reactions and treatment Local reactions include redness, swelling, heat and pain, which generally do not require special treatment. Systemic reactions include fever, some accompanied by headache, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and other symptoms. If the systemic reaction is serious, antipyretic and analgesic agents can be given. Abnormal reactions are generally rare, mainly syncope, mostly occurring in fasting, nervous children, once it occurs, the child should be allowed to lie down, take warm water or sugar water. If anaphylaxis is suspected, 1:1000 epinephrine should be injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously at a dose of 0.01-0.03 mg/kg each time, and corticosteroids and other drugs should be used for first aid. 3. Hepatitis B positive mother The first dose of hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin should be administered promptly within 24 hours after birth. If the premature baby is <2 kg, he should be vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine according to the procedure of 0, 1 and 6 after full term. BCG vaccine should be given after the child is born prematurely, weighs <2.5 kg and is full term and weighs >2.5 kg. Neonatal jaundice is not a contraindication to hepatitis B vaccination. Rabies vaccine Rabies has a 100% mortality rate and can only be prevented, not cured. Therefore, it is necessary to seek medical attention immediately after being scratched or bitten by dogs or cats, and rabies vaccination must be given as early as possible, in full and in sufficient quantity. Vaccination procedures: one immunization dose for 0, 3, 7, 14, 28 days and the same amount for children. Pregnant women who are bitten also need to be vaccinated, and there is no contraindication. 5. Vaccines for adults such as hepatitis B vaccine, varicella vaccine, measles vaccine, herpes zoster vaccine, vaccine for 100 cases, influenza vaccine, etc. Adults need to be vaccinated or re-vaccinated because they were not injected in childhood or some vaccines cannot obtain lifelong immunity. 6.Hand, foot and mouth disease vaccine Enterovirus EV71 vaccine can prevent hand, foot and mouth disease caused by EV71 virus, but cannot prevent hand, foot and mouth disease caused by other enteroviruses. It is suitable for children aged 6 months to 5 years, and is administered intramuscularly by intramuscular injection into the deltoid muscle of the upper arm. The basic immunization schedule is 2 doses at 1 month interval. Common adverse reactions to childhood vaccination Vaccination is the inoculation of biological products into the body. Any biological product is a foreign substance to the body and will stimulate the body to produce a series of reactions, most of which are normal, most of which are very mild, and very few of which are abnormal due to the body’s constitution or the biological product. Generally speaking, common adverse reactions to childhood vaccination are divided into two categories: general reactions and abnormal reactions according to the nature and degree of reactions. General adverse reactions to vaccination 1. General reactions are caused by the stimulation of the organism by biological products, and the nature of the products and the route of vaccination are different, and the degree of reactions caused is also different. If the injection route is used, there is usually local redness, swelling, heat and pain in 12 to 24 hours, and occasionally there is local lymph node swelling and pain, rising body temperature, accompanied by nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, general malaise and general discomfort, etc., which mostly appear within 1 to 2 days after vaccination and can subside on their own for 1 to 2 days; if the temperature exceeds 39℃, antipyretic drugs can be given. Reactions to live vaccination appear later and can be of 3 different degrees. ①Weak reaction: red lumps <2 cm in diameter, disappearing within two days, with a mild increase in body temperature (37.1~37.5℃) ②Medium reaction: red lumps 2.5~5 cm, body temperature 37.6~38.5℃. ③Strong reaction: red lumps >5 cm in diameter, local lymph nodes enlargement, body temperature above 38.6℃. These reactions are all normal reactions, which are generally mild and temporary and do not require any treatment and can be restored to normal after appropriate rest. The local redness and swelling with pain after vaccination can subside on its own after 2 to 3 days; for some serious cases, hot compresses can be applied after the acute period, and scratching and massage should be avoided, and attention should be paid to local cleanliness and prevention of infection. 2. Abnormal reaction refers to the reaction that only very few people have a reaction different from the normal reaction when many people are vaccinated with the same batch of products at the same time. Generally, it is rare, but if it is not detected and rescued in time, it may cause serious consequences, and timely rescue can avoid adverse consequences. For example, syncope, which occurs within minutes after injection, can be recovered within a short period of time. In severe cases, the face is pale, the heart beats fast, nausea, cold sweat and sometimes unconsciousness. There are allergies such as allergic rash. In addition, there is serum sickness, etc. For abnormal reactions, proper treatment should be given, and it is best to seek medical treatment to avoid delay. Adverse reactions caused by commonly used vaccines and contraindications to vaccination 1. BCG vaccine About 2 weeks after receiving BCG vaccine, local redness, swelling, infiltration, pustules or ulcers may gradually appear, and crusts will appear after 8 to 12 weeks. If the axillary lymph nodes are swollen, local hot compresses can be applied. If the pustules have softened and formed, the pus can be extracted with a sterile syringe and can be repeated several times until it is cured. If it has broken down, it will take a long time to heal, and the wound can be enlarged and drained by using isoniazid or para-aminosalicylic acid ointment and changing the dressing once in 2-3 days. Do not cut and drain to avoid non-healing incision. (1) The following conditions are contraindicated for BCG vaccination: ① Patients with tuberculosis, acute infectious disease, nephritis, heart disease, immunodeficiency, eczema or skin disease; ② Patients with acute disease, burns, recovery from disease (between the end of disease and health recovery), recent smallpox vaccination, urinary tract infection; ③ Immune response suppression due to the use of the following drugs or treatments: alkylating agents, antimetabolites, radiation therapy, steroids; ④ Immune response suppression due to the use of the following drugs or treatments: alkylating agents, antimetabolites, radiation therapy, steroids. (4) Decreased immune response due to systemic malignancy, HIV infection, gamma-interferon receptor deficiency, leukemia, lymphoma; (5) BCG should not be used for fever due to infectious diseases or fever of unknown etiology; (6) Infants or children with decreased immunity. (2) BCG vaccination should be used with caution in the following cases: ①Patients with strong positive tuberculin reaction; ②Patients with asthma. 2. Oral poliomyelitis vaccine (OPV) Fever, headache, diarrhea, etc., and occasionally rash may occur after oral poliomyelitis vaccination, which may resolve on its own after 2 to 3 days. The rare occurrence of serious adverse reactions is vaccine-associated paralysis. HIV infection, abnormal gammaglobulinemia, lymphoma, leukemia, extensive malignant lesions, and other immunodeficiencies (e.g., taking corticosteroids, anticancer drugs, immunosuppressive drugs, or receiving radiation) are contraindicated. 3. Measles Vaccine Common vaccination reactions after measles vaccination are short-lived burning and tingling at the injection site, and individual recipients may develop fever (38.3℃ or above) or rash 5 to 12 days after vaccination. Rare reactions to vaccination include mild local reactions such as erythema, nodules and tenderness, sore throat and discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, etc. Extremely rare are allergic reactions, transient arthritis and arthralgia. Use with caution in people with a history of allergy to chicken egg protein. People with fever, acute infectious diseases, active tuberculosis and other serious allergy history should withhold vaccination. 4.Diphtheria vaccine (DTP) The general reaction to pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus toxoid vaccination mainly comes from the bacteriological components contained in pertussis. After 12 to 24 hours of vaccination with unsorbed vaccine, there may be local redness, pain and itching, and swelling of axillary lymph nodes on the injection side in individuals; for vaccination with vaccine containing adsorbent, hard nodes or sterile abscesses may form locally after injection. Rash and angioneurotic edema are occasionally seen. Systemic reactions mainly consist of a slight fever, especially with unadsorbed vaccine, but it may return to normal 48 hours after vaccination, and the fever may be accompanied by transient symptoms such as lethargy, drowsiness, and irritability. Occasionally, allergic rash and angioedema may be seen, and localized hot compresses may be applied, while those with severe systemic reactions may be treated symptomatically at the hospital. Abnormal reactions after diphtheria vaccination are also mainly related to the pertussis component of the vaccine. Very rarely, allergic reactions or neurological complications such as convulsions, convulsions and shrill cries may occur. People with central nervous system diseases, such as encephalopathy, epilepsy, etc., or those with a past medical history, as well as those who belong to the allergic group, should not be vaccinated; vaccination should be suspended during acute attacks of fever, acute diseases and chronic diseases. If serious reactions (such as shock, high fever, screaming, convulsions, etc.) occur after the first or second dose of vaccination, subsequent doses of vaccination should be stopped. 5.Hepatitis B Vaccine There are few adverse reactions after hepatitis B vaccination, but a few people have minor reactions similar to general vaccination such as redness, swelling, hard nodules, pain at the vaccination site, soreness and weight of the arm, fever, nausea, vomiting, malaise, rash, etc., which are mostly cured within 1 to 3 days. In addition, angioedema, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, polymorphic erythema, cerebral cremasteritis, acute renal failure, etc. may also occur. Hepatitis B vaccine should not be used at the same time as measles vaccine. Precautions after vaccination 1. After vaccination, children should not leave the injection site immediately and should be observed for a period of time before going home. Doing so facilitates the doctor to deal with allergic reactions in a timely manner. 2. Pay attention to proper rest and do not do strenuous physical activities and sports; do not eat stimulating food; do not scratch the vaccination site with your hands to avoid aggravating the reaction. 3. Keep the skin clean and hygienic at the vaccination site, change and wash the shirt regularly, but do not give the child a bath for the time being. Avoid contamination of the injection site when bathing within 3 days after vaccination to prevent secondary infection. 4. When there is a strong reaction or abnormal reaction, such as aggravation of local reaction to injection, infection and septicemia, persistent high fever, increasing rash, mental depression and even convulsions, it should be considered not a normal reaction to vaccination and immediately go to the hospital for treatment. 5. Live attenuated poliomyelitis vaccine should be dissolved in cool boiled water and taken or swallowed directly, and avoid overheating diet within one hour before and after taking the vaccine to ensure the effect of live attenuated vaccine. 6. After vaccination, drink more warm water to promote the excretion of metabolites and cool down the body, and do not use antibacterial drugs at will in case of fever.