Surgery to remove parasites includes surgery to remove parasites from the liver, lungs, skull, and digestive tract, among others. Different parasites cause different diseases. Parasites may be found in the liver, lungs, brain, digestive tract, and other organs of the body, and are treated in different ways. Surgical treatment for hepatic echinococcosis, also known as hepatic encapsulation, may include excystectomy, endocyst removal and partial hepatectomy. Care must be taken during surgery to avoid rupture of the cysts and flow of cyst fluid into the abdominal cavity, which can lead to intra-abdominal worm infection. For parasites parasitized in the lungs, there are options for removal such as open thoracotomy, and if the lung tissue is severely diseased, consider segmental lung resection. Parasites parasitized in the brain require craniotomy treatment. For example, a previous intracranial infection with Guangzhou tubular roundworm caused by consumption of undercooked fusilier snails would require craniotomy treatment. Roundworm infections may also present with intestinal obstruction and biliary obstruction disorders, which also require surgical treatment. Parasites can cause all kinds of diseases and can be treated surgically if necessary in addition to medication.