Whether chemotherapy is needed after surgery for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma needs to be decided according to the specific condition of the patient and his/her physical condition, etc. Generally speaking, early stage esophageal cancer can be cured through surgery, while patients in middle and late stages need to take a combination of methods such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and other treatments. Patients with early stage of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma can be cured through endoscopic surgery and esophageal luminal surgery, and no chemotherapy is needed after surgery. Patients in middle and late stages need to be treated by surgery and then given chemical drugs such as cisplatin and epirubicin to inhibit the differentiation and growth of tumor cells, and combined with radiotherapy and other comprehensive treatments if necessary. Whether chemotherapy is needed for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after surgery or not, patients should be decided by doctors according to their specific conditions and other factors to formulate appropriate treatment methods and actively cooperate with doctors. At the same time, family members should give psychological support to the patient, provide more guidance to the patient and actively cooperate with the doctor’s treatment.