The sequelae of bone cement surgery for lumbar compression fracture include allergy, bleeding, embolism, nerve damage, extravasation of bone cement, and infection, etc. However, the chances of sequelae are usually relatively low when the procedure is performed by a specialized surgeon after adequate evaluation before the surgery. Bone cement is absorbable and biocompatible, and the recovery of patients with lumbar compression fracture can be accelerated after bone cement surgery. The bone cement used on the operating table is monomer in nature, and the doctor needs to make it become polymerized bone cement through certain means; the polymerized bone cement generally has no side effects, but sometimes the polymerization is incomplete and part of the monomer cement is left behind, which can lead to allergic reactions in the body. In addition, bone cement is prone to extravasation, which may lead to pulmonary embolism in the lungs, nerve damage and blood vessel rupture and hemorrhage in the spinal canal, and infection in some special patients, such as diabetic patients. Bone cement surgery can reduce the risk of complications associated with being bedridden and promote recovery. If a lumbar compression fracture occurs, the patient should go to the hospital in a timely manner, actively cooperate with the doctor’s treatment, and choose the appropriate treatment plan after the doctor’s evaluation.