Semen analysis is the most direct test to evaluate the fertility of men of childbearing age. Reading semen test sheets can help us understand the quality and function of semen and other abnormalities to guide couples of childbearing age in scientific preparation for childbirth. I. How to collect semen 1. The best time to collect semen: 3-5 days after semen discharge (including intercourse, seminal emission, masturbation, etc.); 2. The best state to collect semen: no smoking, no alcohol abuse, no overexertion, no cold and fever, no major diseases in the past 2-3 months; 3. The best place to collect semen: professional sperm collection room in the reproductive department of a regular hospital; 4. Sperm retrieval method: masturbation or sperm retriever-assisted sperm retrieval to avoid spilling semen and to ensure the integrity of the specimen. Second, the main contents of semen laboratory test 1, semen volume A normal volume of semen discharge: should be 2ml-6ml.(WHO 5th edition manual standard is >1.5ml) If the volume is >6ml, it is mostly seen in those who have been abstinent for a long time, with prostate inflammation, seminal vesicle inflammation, etc. If 0.5ml < volume < 2ml, it is usually seen in those who have had frequent intercourse recently, those who spilled specimens when taking specimens, those with congenital spermatogonial hypoplasia, and those with insufficient androgen secretion, etc. If the volume is ≤0.5ml or no semen is discharged, it is mostly seen in retrograde ejaculators, those who do not ejaculate, and those with vas deferens obstruction (including vas deferens and vesicoureteral gland dysplasia). 2. Semen color Normal semen is uniformly gray or milky white in color. If it is pale yellow or yellow, it may indicate the presence of reproductive tract infection or a long period of time without semen discharge. If the semen is light red, brown or brown (or red cells are seen under the microscope), it suggests that there may be inflammation of the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, stones, tumors or hematosperm due to genital tract injury. 3. Liquefaction status Under normal circumstances, the semen just ejaculated is jelly-like (many people do not know that semen just ejaculated is jelly-like and think they have some disease), and within 15-30 minutes, it changes to liquid state. If the semen takes more than 1 hour to liquefy or is not liquefied, it suggests that prostate inflammation may exist. 4. PH The normal semen PH is 7.2-7.8, which is weakly alkaline, (WHO 5th edition manual standard is >7.2). If PH>7.8, it is often considered to be caused by inflammation of the seminal vesicle gland or inflammation of the prostate gland. If the PH is 6.4-6.7, it often suggests the absence or poor development of the ejaculatory ducts and seminal vesicle glands and other causes. 5.Sperm concentration WHO 4th edition manual, normal sperm concentration is: ≥20×106 ml. WHO 5th edition manual, normal sperm concentration is: ≥15×106 ml. If sperm concentration is <20×106 ml (4th edition) or <15×106 ml (5th edition), it is oligospermia. If the sperm concentration was >250×106ml for three consecutive times and the semen volume was >1.5ml, it was polyspermia (the concept of polyspermia was eliminated from the WHO 5th edition manual). If no sperm is found after 3 times of centrifugation, it is azoospermia. 6, sperm vitality Sperm vitality refers to the percentage of forward-moving sperm (class A + class B) in the semen, and the normal level is: class A ≥ 25% or class A + class B > 50%. If A-class <25% and A-class + B-class <50% (version 4) or forward motion (PR) sperm <32% and total viability (PR+NP) <40% (version 5), then the spermatozoa are weak. 7, sperm motility The sperm motility rate refers to the percentage of viable sperm (A grade + B grade + C grade), and the normal level is: A grade + B grade + C grade > 60%. 8, sperm survival rate sperm survival rate refers to the percentage of surviving sperm after staining by eosin, the normal level is: survival rate ≥ 50%, that is, the rate of dead sperm < 50%. If the dead sperm rate ≥ 50% (version 4) or dead sperm rate ≥ 42% (version 5), it is dead sperm disease. 9, deformed sperm rate Deformed sperm rate refers to the proportion of morphologically deformed sperm, the normal level is: normal form sperm ≥ 15% (version 4) or normal form sperm ≥ 4% (version 5). If normal morphological sperm <15% (version 4) or normal morphological sperm <4% (version 5), the spermatozoa are teratogenic. Special attention is paid to the clinical indication that if normal morphology sperm > 30%, fertility is better; if 15% < normal morphology sperm < 30%, fertility is normal; if 4% ≤ normal morphology sperm < 15%, fertility will be significantly reduced; if normal morphology sperm < 4%, there is almost no possibility of fertility. 10, semen leukocytes Normal semen leukocytes <1×106ml. if semen leukocytes ≥1×106ml, it indicates inflammation of the reproductive tract, such as orchitis, epididymitis, seminal vesicle glanditis, prostatitis and urethritis, etc. 11, semen agglutination status Under normal circumstances, sperm agglutination test: negative. Anti-sperm membrane antibody mixed agglutination test (MAR): negative. If the sperm agglutination test appears: mixed agglutination and MAR is positive for male infertility, it is called immune infertility.