Because the prosthetic valve is implanted into the body as a foreign body, blood contact with the abnormal cardiovascular internal surface initiates the body’s coagulation response, leading to the formation of fibrin networks and platelet clots, making the blood susceptible to coagulation in and around the valve to form thrombi, which can affect valve function, and the dislodged thrombi can cause vascular embolism. Therefore, anticoagulation therapy is required after prosthetic valve replacement to make the blood less likely to clot. Whether mechanical or biological valves are used, postoperative anticoagulation therapy is required. Mechanical valves should be anticoagulated for life; biological valves should generally be anticoagulated for a short period of time (usually 3 months) or, in cases of atrial fibrillation or special circumstances, until 6 months or longer after surgery. Thromboembolism is a serious complication after prosthetic valve replacement, so mastering appropriate anticoagulation therapy is a guarantee of the efficacy and safety of prosthetic valve replacement.