The common diseases of endocrinology include diabetes, thyroid disease, adrenal disease, pituitary disease, etc. The first two are the most common.
Definition of diabetes mellitus: Diabetes mellitus is a systemic endocrine metabolic disease that is related to genetic factors and associated with various environmental factors, with insulin relative or absolute deficiency as the basic pathological feature and hyperglycemia as the clinical characteristic.
Prevalence: According to the report of International Diabetes Federation (IDF) in 2007, there are 246 million people with diabetes in the world, and it is expected that 380 million people will suffer from diabetes in 2025. The prevalence rate among urban residents is significantly higher than that of rural residents. At present, diabetes has become the third most common disease in the world after tumors and cardiovascular diseases.
3, clinical manifestations: the early symptoms of the disease are not obvious. If the symptoms are typical, there may be three syndromes such as polyhydramnios, polyphagia, polyuria and weight loss.
4.Diagnostic criteria (revised by ADA and WHO in 2002)
(1) Fasting blood glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L (126mg/dl) (fasting means no food for at least 8 hours).
(2) Diabetic symptoms and casual blood glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dl) (casual blood glucose refers to blood glucose at any time after meal)
(3) Glucose tolerance 2 hours blood sugar ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200mg/dl)
Any patient who meets one of the above criteria and still meets one of the three criteria at the next day’s follow-up is diagnosed as diabetic.
5.Harmfulness: With the prolongation of diabetes, due to the disorder of sugar, fat and protein metabolism can lead to damage of multiple tissues and organs, such as eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and brain, and cause a variety of systemic chronic vascular and neurological complications. If the treatment is not appropriate, it will lead to blindness, amputation, hemiplegia, and even death, and become the main reason for the increase of death and disability rate of diabetes.
(1) Acute complications: including diabetic ketoacidosis, non-ketotic hyperosmolar diabetic coma, lactic acidosis, and hypoglycemic coma.
(2) Chronic complications: macroangiopathy, including.
(i) diabetic heart disease.
(ii) Diabetic encephalopathy.
(3) Diabetic limb vasculopathy; microangiopathy, including.
①Diabetic retinopathy.
(ii) Diabetic nephropathy.
③Diabetic neuropathy.
6. Treatment objectives.
①Maximize the reduction of blood glucose and stabilize it at the ideal level;
②Maximize the improvement of the patient’s symptoms and signs, and improve the patient’s survival quality;
③Maximize the prevention and treatment of complications.
7. Treatment plan.
①Diet control.
②Exercise therapy.
③Western medicine drug treatment.
④Chinese herbal medicine treatment.
⑤Glucose monitoring.
⑥Diabetes education.