What kinds of precordial diseases can be treated by interventional methods?

  Although there are many advantages of interventional treatment for congenital heart disease, only a portion of congenital heart disease can be treated with interventional treatment due to the limitations of operation techniques, methods and treatment devices. For example: congenital heart disease with unclosed arterioles, pulmonary valve stenosis, pulmonary arteriovenous fistula; some of the atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, coronary arteriovenous fistula, aortic stenosis, pulmonary artery stenosis and limb vascular malformations. The most common clinical indications for interventional treatment of precordial disease include: arteriovenous ductus arteriosus: various types of left-to-right shunted arteriovenous ductus arteriosus that are ≥3 months of age and weigh 3 kg or more and are not combined with cardiac malformations that require surgical treatment. Caution must be exercised in infants and children with severe pulmonary hypertension, and surgical treatment should be chosen for children with an internal diameter greater than the internal diameter of the aorta in order to achieve a safer and more reliable result.  Atrial septal defect: age ≥3 years; diameter ≥5 mm with increased right heart volume load, secondary foramen ovale type left-to-right shunt atrial septal defect ≤36 mm; distance from the edge of the defect to the coronary sinus, superior and inferior vena cava and pulmonary veins ≥5 mm, distance from the atrioventricular valve ≥7 mm; diameter of the atrial septum is larger than the diameter of the lateral left atrial chambers selected for blocking; no other cardiac malformation requiring surgery; post-surgical Residual shunt.  (1) Diameter of the defect: 3-12 mm in diameter of the left ventricular surface of the periventricular defect; if the right ventricular side is porous, the diameter of its large hole should be greater than 2 mm; if it is accompanied by a concurrent membrane tumor, 13-18 mm in diameter of the left ventricular surface of the defect is a relative indication, which requires a small exit of the right ventricular surface and firm adhesions.  (2) The distance of the perimembranous defect edge from the right coronary valve of the aorta: eccentric blocker >1.5mm, symmetric blocker >2.0mm. (3) The distance of the defect edge from the right atrioventricular valve: eccentric blocker >2mm, symmetric blocker >1.5mm. (4) Other cardiovascular malformations that can be treated with intervention.  (5) Residual leak after surgical procedure.  (6) Mild to moderate pulmonary hypertension without right-to-left shunt.  (7) Myocardial ventricular septal defect combined with acute myocardial infarction or trauma-induced myocardial ventricular septal defect.  (8) Age greater than 3 years and weight greater than 10 Kg.