Blood glucose (GLU): The clinical term blood glucose refers to the glucose in the blood. Fasting blood glucose (FPG) should be tested by blood sampling at 6-8 am, and the normal value is 3.9-6.1 mmol/l; fasting blood glucose ≥7.0 mmol/l (or 2 hours after meal blood glucose ≥11.1 mmol/l) is diabetes; 6.1-7 mmol/l is abnormal fasting blood glucose (IFG), and 2 hours after meal blood glucose in the range of 7.8-11.1 mmol/l is abnormal glucose tolerance ( IGT, abnormal fasting glucose and abnormal glucose tolerance are the transitional stage between normal people and diabetic patients, which should be paid great attention and early intervention. Glucose tolerance test (OGTT): After a normal person consumes a large amount of glucose, the blood glucose concentration only increases temporarily through the regulation of various regulating mechanisms in the body, and returns to normal level after two hours, which is the human body’s “glucose tolerance phenomenon”. After taking a fasting blood specimen from the subject, 75 grams of glucose is given orally, and then the blood glucose level is measured at certain intervals and the curve is drawn, which is the “glucose tolerance test”. Normal value: fasting blood glucose 3.9-6.1 mmol/liter, blood glucose 6.7-9.4 mmol/liter after the first hour of taking sugar, blood glucose ≤7.8 mmol/liter after the second hour, blood glucose returned to normal after the third hour, and urine sugar was negative at each time. In diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose was higher than normal, and blood glucose was ≥11.1 mmol/liter 2 hours after taking sugar. Glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb): Since blood glucose fluctuates under the influence of diet, activity and medication, the measurement of blood glucose once can only reflect the blood glucose level at the time of blood collection, and cannot reflect the whole picture of blood glucose situation for a period of time before blood collection. While glycated hemoglobin can reflect the average blood glucose level of 2 to 3 months before blood collection, normal value: 4% to 6%. Urine glucose (U-GLU): Under normal circumstances, urine contains only a trace amount of glucose, and the qualitative urine glucose test is negative. When the blood glucose concentration increases to a certain degree (≥160~180 mg/dL), the renal tubules cannot absorb all the glucose in the urine, and the increase of urine glucose is positive, which is clinically indicated by the “+” sign. In general, urine glucose can reflect the situation of blood sugar, but urine glucose is also affected by many other factors, so sometimes it is not completely consistent with blood sugar. Therefore, urine sugar results are for reference only and cannot be used as a basis for diagnosis. Urine microalbumin (MALB): Diabetic patients are prone to complications of kidney damage, which will gradually develop into uremia if not detected and treated in time. In early diabetic nephropathy, the urine protein of general laboratory tests is often negative and can be easily ignored. When protein or other abnormalities appear in the urine, the kidney lesion is often irreversible. Urine microalbumin measurement is a good indicator of early kidney damage, such as urine MALB over 30 mg/24 hours or 20 micrograms/minute, it indicates early kidney damage, at this time, strict control of blood sugar and timely medication, kidney function can still be restored to normal. Blood and urine ketone body test: Severe diabetes can cause ketone bodies to accumulate in the blood, resulting in diabetic ketoacidosis, which can endanger patients’ lives if not detected and treated in time. Urine ketone body test is a screening test, and a positive screening test may also be caused by inability to eat or vomit, and a negative screening test may also occur with ketosis, so the accuracy is poor. A reliable test is to measure the level of β-hydroxybutyric acid in the blood, and a level above 0.5 mmol/L indicates diabetic ketoacidosis.