1. How to communicate effectively with the doctor Effective doctor-patient communication is not only a matter for the doctor, but the patient also has the responsibility and obligation to cooperate with the doctor’s examination and questioning. Effective communication requires the doctor to answer the patient’s confusing questions within a short time, but also requires the patient to make some preparations in advance. Sun Xing, Department of General Surgery, Nanning First People’s Hospital First, the patient should prepare all relevant medical materials. At the time of consultation, they need to bring comprehensive information, including pathology, imaging data, the patient’s previous treatment cases, the patient’s previous diseases, etc. Female patients suspected of being pregnant should be especially stated. Secondly, the patient himself should describe his condition clearly, completely and accurately so that the doctor can find out what he is having the most difficulty with and what he wants to solve most. While waiting for the consultation, the patient can sort out his thoughts in his mind and write down what he wants to say and ask on a piece of paper to make sure that he is on target. Third, in the diagnosis of the condition, you should communicate with the doctor in depth, ask detailed questions and remember the doctor’s cautions. Fourth, do not interfere with the doctor’s treatment. Some patients say: doctor more tonic; or say this treatment side effects are too big, do not want to do, etc.; in fact, the patient to express the condition clearly, the task is a large part of the completion, the rest is to cooperate with the treatment, according to medical advice correct medication, timely treatment of their own situation reflected to the doctor in charge, as long as the disease can be cured are good drugs, there is no superior or inferior to the expensive drugs. 2. how to be a “good” patient “good” patient is able to communicate well with medical staff. Active cooperation with the treatment to achieve the best medical effect of the patient. A “good” patient should do the following: (1) have the basic civilized manners, have a proper attitude to the consultation. (2) Be able to clearly explain the reason for his or her visit and answer the physician’s questions truthfully. (3) Have a tolerant mindset and do not make unrealistic demands on the physician. (4) Trust the physician, cooperate with the treatment, correctly understand their rights and obligations, and abide by the hospital rules and regulations. (5) Assist and cooperate with the follow-up work of physicians after discharge, and be responsible for your own body. 3) What are the common methods of tumor examination? In addition to the patient’s self-examination and general examination such as visual, touch, percussion and hearing by the doctor, laboratory examination, radiological examination, radionuclide examination, ultrasonic examination, endoscopic examination, surgical exploration and other special examinations are also needed in clinical practice, and the doctor will choose the corresponding examination items according to the patient’s condition. (1) Laboratory examination: including routine examination of blood, urine and stool, biochemical and immunological examination, pathology examination, etc. a. Blood tests: including blood cell count, white blood cell class, cell morphology examination and determination of hemoglobin, etc. b. Urine examination: including appearance, acidity and alkalinity, specific gravity protein and sugar characterization, microscopic examination of sediment, etc. c, stool examination: including general properties, microscopic examination and occult blood test, etc. d, back to biochemical and immunological examination: including methemoglobin, carcinoembryonic antigen, herpes (EB) virus, serum heat resistance test, serum aldolase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, acid naphthyl acetate enzyme, 5 hydroxyindoleacetic acid and other laboratory determinations. e. Pathological examination: including exfoliative cytological examination and biopsy. (2) Radiological examination: mainly including X-ray fluoroscopy, X-ray radiography, X-ray contrast examination, CT scan flying magnetic resonance imaging, etc. (3) Radionuclide examination, i.e. isotope examination, including functional assay examination, scanning and y-irradiation examination, radioimmunoassay, positron emission tomography (PET), etc. (4) Ultrasound examination: including A-type and B-type ultrasound examination. (5) Endoscopy: including various rigid or optical fiber scopes, such as cardiolaryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, mediastinoscopy, esophagoscopy, gastroscopy, gastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy, proctoscopy, anoscopy, cystoscopy, ureteroscopy, nephroscopy, colposcopy, hysteroscopy, etc. 4. What is CT (computed tomography CT) scanner uses X-rays to scan the human body layer by layer in cross-section, obtain information, and obtain a reconstructed image after computer processing. CT (computed tomography) is a major breakthrough in radiological diagnosis in the early 1970s. CT is not X-ray photography, but rather uses X-rays to perform a layer-by-layer cross-sectional scan of an area of the body, obtains the information, and then obtains a three-dimensional reconstructed image through electronic computer processing. It can make the traditional X-ray examination difficult to show the organs and their lesions display imaging, and the image is realistic) anatomical relationship is clear, thus expanding the scope of human examination, greatly improving the early detection rate of lesions and diagnostic accuracy. This kind of examination is easy, safe, painless, non-invasive and non-dangerous. There are three methods of CT examination, one is plain scan, which is a general scan and is a routine examination; the second is enhanced scan, which injects water-soluble organic iodine from a vein and then scans, which can make certain lesions appear more clearly; the third is contrast scan, which is a contrast of an organ or structure first and then scans, such as injecting a contrast agent or air into the brain pool for brain pool contrast, and then scans to clearly show the brain pool and its inch of small tumors. 5. What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)? MRI is another major advancement in medical imaging after CT. Since its application in the 1980s, it has been developed at a very rapid pace. The basic principle is that under the MRI instrument, the patient lies inside a cylindrical magnet and is exposed to a strong magnetic field. Once exposed to the magnetic field, the protons of the water molecules line up, and if they are attacked by radio waves, they immediately become disorganized and do not line up. During the rearrangement process, the protons are detected with a detector and fed into a computer, where they are converted to display images on a screen. Water-rich tissues emit a stronger signal and appear brighter in the generated images, while bones are relatively dark. The amount of information provided by MRl is not only greater than many other imaging procedures in medical imaging, but is also different from established imaging procedures, making it potentially superior for the diagnosis of disease. It can directly make cross-sectional, sagittal, coronal and various oblique body images, and is very effective in detecting y common cranio-cerebral diseases such as intracerebral hematoma, extracerebral hematoma, brain tumor, intracranial aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation, cerebral ischemia, intravertebral tumor, spinal cord cavitation and spinal fluid, as well as in the diagnosis of posterior lumbar disc protrusion and primary hepatocellular carcinoma. MRI can acquire data in multiple planes at the same time, and by combining all these slices, a three-dimensional image can be generated. 6. What is positron emission tomography (PET) While many medical imaging techniques focus on anatomical structures, positron emission tomography (PET) is different: the images generated by this technique highlight cellular activity. The doctor first injects the patient with a radioactive tracer, and then the cells that absorb the most tracer emit a bright light. Cancer cells grow and divide rapidly, so they consume a lot of energy and take up glucose. The metabolism of these nuclides and their markers (i.e., radiopharmaceuticals) in the body can be observed to understand changes in the body’s physiological and biochemical functions. This allows doctors to see more accurately what is wrong. Like MRI, positron emission tomography can acquire data in multiple planes. The combination of multiple planes of data creates a tumor dimensional image. PET is the only one that can sensitively and accurately quantify the changes in biological behavior of tumor cell metabolism and blood supply, proliferation and regulation, receptor distribution and gene expression, etc. The fusion with CT images can accurately locate the three-dimensional parts of abnormal tumor biological behavior and maximize the accurate outline of the tumor growth and metabolic exuberance area, the bio-information simulation reconstruction of PET/CT fusion images and the three-dimensional treatment plan. PET technology is most commonly used in oncology examinations, but is also applied in the fields of cardiology and neurology. Because of its ability to monitor cellular function, PET is typical of a range of new tools used to monitor human cells and sub-cells. 7.Why most tumors require radiation therapy Radiation therapy is one of the three main treatments for malignant tumors, and about 70% of patients require radiation therapy as part of their treatment after the disease. Surgery, radiotherapy and drugs have mutual characteristics and complement each other. Radiotherapy, like surgery, is mainly for localized lesions. Some tumors are suitable for radiotherapy alone in early stage, such as nasopharyngeal cancer, laryngeal cancer, skin cancer, cervical cancer, etc. Most of these tumors can be cured. However, solid tumors similar to internal organs should be treated mainly by surgery; tumors with large masses, surrounding invasive metastases and those that cannot be removed surgically are the scope of radiation therapy. The treatment of medical tumors adopts the concept of exponential killing and therefore emphasizes the use of multiple courses and sufficient doses of drugs in order to completely kill most of the tumor cells. When surgical resection of tumor is carried out, there are many subclinical foci of tumor o also known as microscopic foci of tumor: subclinical foci of tumor are those foci that cannot be detected by general clinical examination and cannot be seen by naked eyes and are negative under microscope. If subclinical foci are not eliminated, it is bound to cause failure of treatment for a large number of patients. By using postoperative radiotherapy, the chance of tumor recurrence can be greatly reduced. In summary, radiation therapy plays an important role in the comprehensive treatment of tumors, such as preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative radiotherapy with surgery, and radiotherapy before, during and after chemotherapy with chemotherapy; and the comprehensive treatment with radiotherapy, surgery and chemotherapy. In conclusion, radiotherapy is an indispensable and important treatment for most patients with malignant tumors, and patients with malignant tumors should go to radiotherapy department for consultation and treatment in time. What is comprehensive treatment and why should it be strengthened Comprehensive treatment does not mean the addition of one treatment method and the second treatment method, nor is it the combination of three or four treatment methods. It refers to the synthesis of multiple treatments with purpose, plan and reason. In recent years, the development of various disciplines of tumor, the great progress of treatment technology and the deepening of understanding of tumor have made tumor treatment enter the stage of comprehensive treatment and achieve more satisfactory efficacy in quite a number of tumors. Integrated treatment has replaced the traditional single therapy, which has improved the cure rate of head and neck cancer tumors, breast cancer, lymphoma, small cell end-differentiated lung cancer, testicular tumors, bone sarcoma, soft tissue sarcoma, acute leukemia and other disorders. Using comprehensive treatment, early-stage cancers can not only be cured but also preserve organ function and appearance; mid-stage cancers can increase the chance of cure; mid- to late-stage tumors can expand the rate of surgical resection: recurrent malignant tumors can strive for better treatment. The development of comprehensive treatment plan requires multi-disciplinary research and discussion, and the revision of the plan is decided by inter-departmental consultation. The implementation of the program requires close cooperation among all departments. Therefore, the generation and implementation of proper comprehensive treatment is the result of multiple joint efforts of medical oncology, surgery and radiotherapy. Patients should increase their awareness of comprehensive treatment of tumor, provide truthful information about their onset and treatment history, respect doctors’ opinions, obey the arrangement and complete all treatments of comprehensive plan. What are the main means of cancer treatment So far, surgical resection, radiotherapy and medical chemotherapy are still the three pillars of modern cancer therapeutics. In recent years, due to the research and progress of tumor therapeutics, new treatment methods have been emerging, mainly endocrine table immunotherapy, interventional therapy and Chinese medicine treatment. In recent years, with the formation of modern surgical concept of tumor, various treatment methods have emerged, and the continuous improvement of comprehensive treatment methods has made the indications for tumor surgery continuously expanded. Especially, the wide application of comprehensive methods such as radiation therapy has reduced the volume of primary tumor in some patients, and the demarcation line between tumor and adjacent tissues has appeared, which is conducive to the separation of tumor, and some metastases that cannot be found clinically can be killed and the metastases in regional lymph nodes can be controlled, so that these patients can be rescued from the original situation of inoperable treatment and regain the opportunity of surgical treatment, which has improved the rate of surgical resection and long-term survival. The rate of surgical resection and long-term survival is improved. Chemotherapy is one of the most common treatments for tumors. It is the abbreviation of “chemotherapy” for tumor treatment. In a broad sense, chemotherapy refers to all chemotherapy, which is divided into systemic chemotherapy and local chemotherapy, while in a narrow sense, chemotherapy only refers to systemic chemotherapy, which is injected into the blood vessels of tumor patients and distributed to the whole body with blood flow, and acts on the actively growing tumor cells to slow down or kill them. It is suitable for patients with advanced tumor spread. Local chemotherapy is to inject anti-tumor drugs directly or through catheter into the tumor site, so that the tumor is directly immersed in high concentration of anti-tumor drugs to enhance the killing power of tumor cells, such as catheter interventional embolization chemotherapy, cerebrospinal fluid injection chemotherapy (professionally called intrathecal injection), intrathoracic injection chemotherapy, intraperitoneal injection chemotherapy, etc. 12. Principle of radiation therapy Radiation therapy is the principle of using radiation therapy equipment such as X-ray therapy machine, 60 cobalt therapy machine and linear gas pedal and gamma knife developed in the middle and late last century to produce invisible, untouchable and unheard rays (x-ray, y-ray and electron beam, etc.) to irradiate tumors or benign lesions, so that the proliferating tumor cells’ deoxyribonucleic acid chain (DNA), the vascularity of lesions can be damaged effect, etc. In turn, the proliferative capacity of the tumor is lost or the tissue of benign lesions is mechanized: leading to the death of tumor cells or the absorption of lesions to achieve the purpose of clinical control and cure. Because of its broad indications and selectivity, radiotherapy is required for most patients with malignant tumors at some stage of their treatment. Radiotherapy is divided into internal and external irradiation in terms of irradiation mode. Internal irradiation is the continuous irradiation of the lesion through surgery or intervention by placing a radiation source in the body where the tumor is located. External irradiation is commonly known as radiotherapy, which is widely used to irradiate tumors from outside the body with radiation emitted from radiotherapy machines. In recent years, the means and methods of radiotherapy have been developed to precisely irradiate tumors of different sizes and shapes, so that the tumor site can be irradiated more intensely while the surrounding normal tissues are less affected, which are now widely used as 3D conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy.