Otitis media is an inflammatory lesion involving all or part of the middle ear (including the eustachian tube, tympanic cavity, tympanic sinus and mastoid airspace) and is most common in children. It can be divided into two categories: non-suppurative and suppurative. Non-suppurative cases include secretory otitis media and pneumatic otitis media, while suppurative cases are acute and chronic. Specific inflammatory diseases are too rare, such as tuberculous otitis media. Timing and indications for surgery: Surgery should be considered in cases of purulent otitis media with eardrum perforation left after conservative treatment and not healed for more than half a year, osteo-ulcerated otitis that cannot be effectively controlled by conservative treatment, residual conductive deafness or mixed deafness that requires hearing improvement, and secondary cholesteatoma. The purpose of surgery: The purpose of surgery for chronic suppurative otitis media is to clear the lesion and stop the flow of pus; to improve hearing, and if necessary, to improve hearing by hearing chain exploration and reconstruction; and to improve the quality of life by alleviating recurrent middle ear infections after a cold or water ingress in the ear, so that one can bathe or swim normally. Common surgical procedures include tympanoplasty + tympanoplasty (i.e., including tympanic membrane repair, and auditory chain exploration and reconstruction). Other procedures include modified mastoid surgery (including the Bondy procedure) and complete mastoid surgery: The aim is to eradicate the mastoid, sinus and tympanic chamber lesions, and the tympanic membrane is perforated to connect the three to the external ear canal, forming a cavity with a complex epithelium. The aim of the operation is to completely remove the papillae, tympanic sinus, tympanic chamber and eustachian tube bullae lesions, stop the flow of pus, obtain a dry ear and prevent intracranial and extracranial complications. Tympanoplasty: This is a surgical procedure to eradicate middle ear lesions and reconstruct the sound-transmitting structures of the tympanic cavity. The aim is to remove the lesion and repair the tympanic membrane and reconstruct the auditory chain to improve hearing.