Before the surgery 1.Stop smoking at least two weeks before the surgery. 2.Shower (when available), shave and change clean clothes one day before surgery, and women are advised to keep their hair short. 3. If you are having vascular surgery, please take more bed rest. 4. Learn to cough correctly and effectively under the guidance of the ward nurse and practice deep breathing (for thoracic surgery). 5. Pre-operative (adult and pediatric) fasting for 6~8 hours and pediatric 4 hours (usually no more food and water after 9:00 pm). Gastrointestinal surgery requires fasting starting 12 hours before surgery and drinking 6 hours before surgery. 6.Usually the nurse will give you a shot before entering the operating room, you can lie still and wait for the operating room staff to pick you up with a trolley. 7.Before entering the operating room, we hope and ask you to: remove lipstick, nail polish, and keep your valuables properly. Remove hairpieces, wigs, dentures, contact lenses, earrings, necklaces, rings, etc. Urinate (note that after the injection do not go to the bathroom to urinate and defecate by yourself to prevent dizziness and fall), change the patient’s uniform. 8.After entering the operating room, we will do routine work step by step, such as giving you fluids, etc. You do not need to be nervous. 9.The anesthesiologist will choose the appropriate anesthesia method for you, any anesthesia will make you painless, and when you wake up, it means the surgery is over. 10.Family members can wait outside the operating room without worry, and we will inform you about the situation if necessary. After surgery 1.If you have one or more drainage tubes in your body, you should prevent slipping when you turn over. 2.If you have used a postoperative pain pump, please take care to protect the thin tube in the back to prevent it from pulling out. 3.Keep the incision clean and dry. You may feel slight swelling, itchiness, numbness or light pain in the incision, which is mostly normal. 4.Avoid smoking and drinking alcohol. 5.Some uncomfortable sensations after surgery will gradually reduce until they disappear as your body gradually recovers. 6, orthopedic surgery if external fixation with a plaster, avoid pressing with the palm of your hand before the plaster dries to prevent pressure on the traces, and tell the doctor or nurse in time when the plaster is found to be loose and the pressure is too strong. 7.If it is a vascular surgery, pay attention to the end of the affected limb for any skin hypothermia, pale or purple skin color. 8.Don’t be afraid of coughing and excreting sputum because of incision pain after surgery, especially for some elderly patients who have been bedridden for a long time, it is necessary to turn and pat the back diligently to help excreting sputum.