Abscesses of the thyroid gland are infectious diseases that also present with swelling and pain in the front of the neck, with fever and, in severe cases, chills and weakness. The diagnosis is confirmed by ultrasonography, which shows abscess formation in the thyroid gland. Local edema is also evident and surgery should be actively chosen for incision and drainage. It is also necessary to retain pus during surgery for pathogenic examination to guide the clinical selection of medication and to pay attention to regular drug changes after surgery to keep the wound dry and drainage unobstructed. It is important to avoid postoperative recurrence or residuals, and after surgery, attention should also be paid to monitoring changes in thyroid function, as infectious diseases also tend to affect thyroxine metabolism, and supplemental thyroxine tablets are needed when necessary.