Hyperthyroidism is a general term for a disease characterized by an overproduction of thyroid hormones in the body, which in turn causes an increase in excitability of the nervous, circulatory, digestive and other systems of the body and is characterized by an increase in systemic metabolism. It is referred to as hyperthyroidism. The prevalence of hyperthyroidism in the population is more than 1%, and it is particularly prevalent in women. There are three main categories of hyperthyroidism: primary hyperthyroidism (also known as toxic diffuse goiter, proptosis, diffuse goiter with hyperfunction, Graves’ disease, etc.); secondary hyperthyroidism (also known as multinodular goiter with hyperthyroidism, toxic nodular goiter, etc.); and hyperfunctioning adenoma. Primary hyperthyroidism is the most common form of hyperthyroidism in clinical practice, accounting for 85%-90% of all hyperthyroidism. The etiology of primary hyperthyroidism is not well understood, and it is recognized that it is autoimmune related. Clinical manifestations are mainly hypermetabolic symptoms, such as fear of heat and sweating, excessive food and hunger, fatigue and weight loss; cardiovascular system, such as shortness of breath and tachycardia; other symptoms include thin stools, increased frequency of bowel movements, periodic paralysis, reduced menstruation or amenorrhea in women, and impotence in men. Hyperthyroidism accumulates many systems, so once hyperthyroidism is detected, you should choose a regular large hospital thyroid specialist or endocrinology department for treatment in time. Here I choose to give a brief introduction to the treatment of hyperthyroidism, taking primary hyperthyroidism, which has the highest incidence, as an example. Currently, the most effective treatments for hyperthyroidism are: medication, surgery and iodine radiation therapy. The main indications for drug therapy are patients with mild to moderate hyperthyroidism, age less than 20 years old, pregnant women, advanced age or other diseases that cannot tolerate surgery or iodine radiation therapy. The outstanding advantages of drug therapy are relatively high safety, no trauma and no radiation. However, its cure rate is relatively low, only 40%, with a recurrence rate of up to 60%, and a low rate of recurrence followed by recurrence. It is generally considered that medication is not suitable for patients with severe goiter, patients with nodular goiter secondary to hyperthyroidism or high-functioning adenoma, patients with low white blood cell count, patients who cannot tolerate heavy reactions to antithyroid medications, and patients with severe goiter who cannot be seen on a regular basis. Surgical treatment: With the development and improvement of surgical techniques, surgical treatment is now available for all patients except for a small number of adolescents with mild symptoms or patients with other combined diseases that cannot tolerate surgery. Especially for patients with moderate or severe hyperthyroidism who are ineffective in long-term medication or recurrent, those who cannot tolerate the side effects of medication, those with goiter combined with nodules, those who are of childbearing age or those who require short-term and rapid cure, surgery is the preferred treatment. The biggest advantage of surgery is its high success rate, with a recurrence rate of only 10%, and the ability to provide a histological diagnosis after surgery, especially for patients with hyperthyroidism combined with nodules. As surgical treatment for hyperthyroidism is now more mature and widely used, complications from surgery are becoming less and less common, and there are very few complications after surgery in our hospital. Iodine radiation therapy: It is mainly used to treat hyperthyroidism by killing and destroying thyroid tissue cells through the release of radioactive iodine. Iodine radiation therapy is mainly suitable for patients with moderate hyperthyroidism who are older than 25 years old and are not considering childbirth, or for those who are unable to undergo surgery because of the ineffectiveness of medication or side effects or serious diseases. Patients who are pregnant or breastfeeding, younger than 25 years old, with low peripheral leukocytes or neutrophils, or with other diseases that cannot be treated with radiation therapy should not be treated with iodine radiation therapy.