Aortic stenosis, severe stenosis with impaired cardiac function or symptoms, other cardiac surgery with moderate or greater stenosis, mild stenosis but with evidence suggesting rapid progression of the lesion (e.g., moderate or severe valvular calcification) should be treated with aggressive surgery! Aortic valve cross-sectional area 2-4 cm2 Normal 0.8-1.2 cm2 Indication for surgery 0.8 cm2 Severe stenosis. Aortic valve systolic pressure step difference <5mmhg>50mmHg Surgical indication up to 100mmHg. Aortic insufficiency Aortic closure can be asymptomatic for a long time (compensated phase), once symptoms appear (decompensated), operate as soon as possible. Asymptomatic patients with decreased cardiac function or enlarged left ventricle should also be operated actively. Aortic valve insufficiency with symptoms, cardiac enlargement, and circulating systolic pressure >140 mmHg and circulating diastolic pressure <40 mmHg. Tricuspid stenosis and/or insufficiency Early surgery in the setting of combined multivalvular lesions and acute lesions is the key to long-term postoperative survival. Early valve surgery results in a dramatic reduction in operative mortality and a yearly decrease in complications. Methods of mitral and aortic valve replacement: mechanical valve replacement and bioprosthetic valve replacement under general anesthesia and hypothermic extracorporeal circulation; tricuspid valve is generally based on shaping, but replacement is also feasible.