A single spinal surgery procedure often determines the fate of a patient’s life. While patients may make a full recovery after surgery, patients with normal activities may be dysfunctional or incapacitated after surgery. The evaluation of the patient’s outcome during and after treatment is a very complex issue. Many factors are not purely technical, but often involve psychological and sociological aspects. The American vitalist Engelhardt has suggested that physicians and patients are often moral strangers to each other, and that they do not hold the same moral premises or foundations, so that moral disputes can be resolved through a satisfactory moral argument. This is a good example of how difficult the adjustment of the physician-patient relationship can again be. It is true that in many cases a patient’s specific problem can be reasonably treated without significant sequelae. In virtually all areas of orthopedics, patients are anxious for their physicians to eradicate the disease without complications, not only to relieve the symptoms permanently, but also to prevent the disease from occurring in the future. However, the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the spine are such that it is not a structure that necessarily responds optimally to normal treatment. For example, patients with lumbar disc herniation expect complete relief of lower extremity symptoms after surgery. However, no matter how well the surgery is done, there are always some patients who will have some discomfort or even pain left after the surgery. Statistics show that in the general population, up to 80% of people have suffered from varying degrees of low back pain during their lifetime, and about 5% of them have recurring symptoms. Patients who have undergone surgery for herniated discs with good recent results are still as likely to experience low back pain as the general population. Therefore, if a patient does not understand the natural prevalence of chronic low back pain, it is easy to mistake a post-surgical episode of low back pain that was not related to the surgery as a result of a surgical error. A similar situation is seen in the treatment of cervical spondylosis. In the general population, 50% of people will experience severe cervical and brachial pain at some point in their lives, and about 25% will experience recurrent pain, and it is not uncommon for patients to indiscriminately attribute residual or recurrent postoperative symptoms to the sequelae of surgery. Of course, complications resulting from obvious surgical errors are another matter. The term “hyperplasia” is a familiar one to both physicians and patients. When confronted with a physician’s history, words such as “lumbar hyperplasia,” “disc herniation,” or “slip,” “degeneration,” etc., can all come out of the mouth. “These terms can be used in the history taking, but most of them do not really understand the meaning of the pathology. Some even believe that lumbar spine surgery can eradicate “hyperplasia”, and some may even find changes in other discs or synovial processes that have nothing to do with their existing symptoms on X-rays or CT films, and thus request “prophylactic resection” of such discs, i.e., the physician is required to perform a multi-disc resection and a polydiscectomy. The physician performs a multi-disc resection and multi-stage fusion. The data show that all spinal specimens from people over 50 years of age show lumbar disc pathology, and 20-25% of patients with lumbar disc herniation shown by CT and MRI are asymptomatic. Many research results have long shown that the clinical manifestations are not necessarily related to the common degenerative manifestations on radiographs. Surgery can only be based on the specific patient and never on the radiographic presentation. As for the evaluation of surgical outcomes, results after lumbar discectomy vary widely, and the outcome is largely determined by patient selection, not by differences in surgical approach. As far as the choice of multiple surgical options is concerned, the best option is one that minimizes disruption of the anatomy while effectively relieving existing symptoms. In conclusion, it is the spine surgeon’s responsibility to help the patient preoperatively to clear up his or her many misconceptions about the imaging presentation. Within the field of spine surgery, a significant percentage of patients with low back pain are associated with psychological disorders. The pain sensation and surgical outcome of such patients are also affected. For example, if a patient with a herniated lumbar disc has a psychological disorder, the psychological state of the patient can affect the severity of his or her symptoms. When discectomy is performed on such patients, their psychological state should be adjusted first. Many of these patients have had their low back and leg pain relieved after psychological treatment, and some even do not need to undergo surgery. The patient’s attitude toward his occupation also affects the outcome of spinal surgery. In recent years, many studies have been conducted on the relationship between occupation and the prevalence of low back pain. It is conceivable that the prevalence of low back pain in the same occupation would be different in a group of people who love their job than in a group who hate it. For different patients from these two groups, the postoperative outcome can be very different, even though the procedure is the same. In recent years, the rising cost of medical care has attracted the attention of all sectors of society. Spine patients often need expensive examinations, and the application of other high-tech applications have made spine surgery more and more characterized by “high consumption”. However, medical cost and treatment effect are not linear. China is still a developing country, and spinal surgery faces its own characteristics of service users. As a doctor, while pursuing perfect treatment results, we should also take controlling medical costs and reducing patient expenses as one of our unremitting pursuits. The emergence of evidence-based medicine (EBM) has led to a dramatic shift in the research and practice of clinical medicine, including spine surgery. At its core, EBM means “the deliberate, accurate, and intelligent application of the best available evidence by physicians to make decisions about the management of the specific patients they are faced with”. According to this idea, the behavioral pattern of spine surgeons will gradually transition from empirical medicine based on experience and inference to EBM, which is an inevitable trend in the development of clinical medicine. At present, China’s spine surgery from the “major surgery” and orthopedics gradually separated. Many grassroots hospitals. The development of spine surgery constantly provides health protection for the social population, and the development of society constantly puts forward new challenges to spine surgery. A qualified spine surgeon is not only a skilled craftsman, but also a new type of scholar who is able to understand the psychological world of the patient and emphasize the patient’s social background.