Patients with heart valve disease should be considered for valve replacement with extreme caution for the following reasons: (1) Mortality of valve replacement. This is related to hospital conditions, physician experience, and case selection. Shanghai Yuanda Cardiothoracic Hospital is at the leading level in valve replacement for heart valve disease in China. (2) Complications after valve replacement are still non-rare, such as infective endocarditis, thromboembolism, postoperative bleeding, valve malfunction (valve deformation, degeneration, etc.). Perivalvular leaks, etc. (3) The use of mechanical valves requires lifelong anticoagulation. Therefore, contraindications to valve replacement are: too severe valve damage, too poor cardiac function, severe hepatic and renal impairment, and contraindication to anticoagulation therapy, such as bleeding disorders and bleeding peptic ulcers.