Contraindications to closed chest drainage: those who are critically ill, emaciated, cachectic, or unable to tolerate puncture; patients with severe bleeding tendency, platelets below 30,000/L, cirrhosis, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and patients with bleeding tendency. Patients with impaired consciousness or mental disorders who cannot perform cooperative puncture, including some patients with severe irritability, patients with traumatic brain injury who are irritable and cannot cooperate with puncture. Patients who are allergic to lidocaine, unable to perform local anesthesia, and those with severe skin contusions and infections that prevent puncture.