Why surgery? Having surgery is a big deal for both the patient and the family, and there are more or less concerns. In fact, surgery is a very serious matter for doctors and patients alike, and is a major decision made by doctors based on the patient’s condition. So when is surgery necessary? Some diseases themselves cannot be treated by medication and can only be applied surgically, such as repair of trauma, removal of swelling tumor, correction of congenital deformity, and removal of necrotic non-functional organs; there are also some diseases where medication is ineffective or ineffective and have to rely on surgical solutions, such as cholecystitis, gallstones and urinary stones, peptic ulcers, etc.; acquired diseases that cause limb deformities and skin scars that affect function or appearance should also be Surgical correction, such as the removal of burn scars and tattoos; other cosmetic surgery, transplantation of various organs, etc. All the above cases should be considered for surgery. When is the best time for surgery? In actual clinical practice, patients and their families want to have surgery in spring and autumn because they are worried about the heat in summer, skin sweating and infection, and the cold in winter, the incision is not easy to heal. In fact, these worries are unnecessary, because first of all, hospitals now have some temperature regulation facilities, and more importantly, modern aseptic technology and the development of antibiotics have significantly reduced surgical infections, and moreover, good or bad healing has little to do with temperature. The most important thing to decide when to operate is the severity of the disease and the patient’s condition. Surgery can be divided into three categories according to the urgency: (1) emergency surgery: the condition is critical and urgent, if the patient’s life will be endangered if not operated immediately, it is necessary to actively make the most necessary preparations to operate in the shortest possible time to save the patient. For example, acute appendicitis perforation, liver and spleen rupture due to trauma, open injury hemorrhage, ectopic pregnancy causing hemorrhage, etc. (2) Surgery with a deadline: Surgery must be prepared within a short period of time, otherwise it will delay the treatment or cause adverse consequences. The most common ones are various malignant tumors, others are correction of congenital malformations and treatment of precancerous diseases, etc. (3) Elective surgery: Although surgery is required, the patient can be prepared for surgery within sufficient time without delaying treatment or causing adverse consequences. In clinical work, the doctor will choose the right time for surgery based on the patient’s overall situation and in the best interest of the patient, and actively complete the preoperative preparation within the corresponding time. What is the process by which the surgeon decides to operate? First, the doctor will decide whether to treat the patient surgically based on the patient’s condition (i.e., indications) and the presence of conditions that are inappropriate for surgery (i.e., contraindications), and in complex cases, even an interdisciplinary and inter-hospital consultation. Then, according to the patient’s age, general condition, and past disease history, the surgical procedure is decided and a specific surgical plan is formulated, such as the timing of surgery and anesthesia method. Once the decision is made, active preoperative preparation is performed, including necessary laboratory tests, control of infection, anemia, hypertension, etc., so that the patient is in a better condition for the surgery.