Diabetes is a disorder of glucose metabolism that affects all organs and tissues of the body, and diabetic retinopathy is one of the serious complications of diabetes and the first of the four major blindness-causing eye diseases in Europe and the United States. Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most serious complications of diabetes and the first of the four major blindness-causing eye diseases in Europe and the United States. The development of diabetic retinopathy is a long clinical process. Depending on the level of blood glucose, blood glucose control, the combination of other systemic pathologies and individual differences, the progression of the disease varies. Diagnosis is based on: history of diabetes; vision loss with fundus manifestations; fundus fluorescence angiography; dark adaptation and electrophysiological examination also help in early diagnosis. Fundus photography and fundus fluorescence angiography are the main tools for clinical diagnosis. Based on fundus changes, diabetic retinopathy is currently classified into six stages. Diabetic retinopathy is classified and staged as follows: Stage I: microaneurysms or small hemorrhages in the retina; Stage II: yellowish-white “hard exudate” or hemorrhagic spots in the retina; Stage III: white “soft exudate” or hemorrhagic spots in the retina; Stage IV. Stage IV: retinal neovascularization and/or vitreous hemorrhage; Stage V: retinal neovascularization and fiber proliferation; Stage VI: retinal neovascularization and fiber proliferation with retinal detachment. The first 3 stages are collectively referred to as simple diabetic retinopathy. Fundus manifestations are retinal microangiomas, retinal hemorrhagic spots, soft and hard retinal exudates, retinal arteriopathy and venous lesions. The latter 3 stages are collectively referred to as proliferative retinopathy, which refers to lesions that extend at least partially inward beyond the inner boundary membrane and manifest as neovascularization, fibrous proliferation, and tractional retinal detachment. Treatment mainly includes the following 3 aspects: 1. etiological treatment: treatment of diabetes and strict control of blood glucose level. 2, laser treatment: simple type with no perfusion area and retinal neovascularization, consider performing retinal laser photocoagulation; with long-term macular cystoid edema, perform macular area lattice photocoagulation; proliferative stage perform extensive or whole retinal photocoagulation. 3.Surgical treatment: vitreous blood accumulation, retinal neovascularization with retinal detachment, vitrectomy and intraocular laser photocoagulation should be performed.