Intracardiac shunt for right-to-left examination

The stenotic form of Ebstein’s syndrome is characterized by marked cyanosis, cardiac function class II or above, mild to moderate enlargement of the heart, decreased blood flow in the pulmonary circulation, pressure difference between the enlarged right atrium and the functional right ventricle, right-to-left intracardiac shunt, and the double ballooning sign seen on cardiovascular angiography, which requires surgical treatment. Tests for right-to-left intracardiac shunt: For the diagnosis of Ebstein’s syndrome, clinical symptoms and signs may give important hints, but an accurate diagnosis depends on the following auxiliary tests, especially selective cardiovascular angiography. Electrocardiogram (ECG): P-wave amplitude is increased and/or widened, and sometimes a trace is seen, which is most clear in leads II, III, aVF and V1. It is believed that the degree of P-wave changes is related to the prognosis, P-wave normal people are often asymptomatic; significant abnormalities, not only often symptomatic, but also very easy to die quickly in a short period of time.P-R interval is often prolonged, complete or incomplete right bundle branch block is seen in almost every patient. Low voltage is often present in the limb leads and right chest leads. Right ventricular hypertrophy is occasionally seen, but there is never a pattern of left ventricular hypertrophy. Recently, a Qr-shaped QRS wave cluster with T-wave inversion in leads Vl to 4 has been noted as a specific electrocardiographic change in this malformation. Pre-excitation syndrome (type B) is present in about 5% to 25% of patients with this malformation. In congenital heart disease combined with preexcitation syndrome, 30% of these patients have Ebstein’s malformation. Therefore, Ebstein’s malformation should be suspected when congenital heart disease is combined with preexcitation syndrome. A variety of arrhythmias can occur with this malformation, including paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, which is common even in the absence of preexcitation syndrome. Other arrhythmias such as atrial pre-systole, atrial flutter, or atrial fibrillation are also seen. 2, X-ray examination In mild malformation, heart enlargement is not obvious, and lung blood is normal. In moderate and severe malformation, the heart is enlarged to both sides, mainly the right atrium is enlarged. Under fluoroscopy, the edge of the heart is not obvious, and the enlarged heart is very disproportionate, similar to the pericardial effusion or pulmonary stenosis with heart failure X-ray signs. Because of the enlarged right atrium and the displacement of the right ventricular outflow tract to the left, the cardiac shadow may be square-box or funnel-shaped, and in a few lesions it may be spherical. Pulmonary blood is reduced and the aortic node is normal or small.