There are two types of surgical treatment for coronary artery disease: “stenting” and “bypass”. For single-branch, limited lesions of coronary arteries, stent implantation can be chosen, which is less invasive and quicker to recover. Coronary artery bypass grafting is a very effective treatment for patients with multivessel coronary artery lesions, diffuse lesions, and combined valvular lesions and ventricular wall tumors. The method is to create a vascular pathway between the root of the ascending aorta and the distal part of the obstructed coronary artery using a grafted vessel, i.e., a bridge (usually the saphenous vein and the tipped internal mammary artery, but also the radial artery, the tipped gastric omental artery, and other limb arteries and veins), so that the blood pulsating from the heart passes through the bridge, bypasses the coronary artery lesion, and flows to the distal part of the coronary artery stenosis or obstruction, and reaches the ischemic myocardium. This improves coronary perfusion and increases myocardial oxygen supply, without the need for the tipped artery to meet the root of the ascending aorta. The procedure can be performed under cardiac arrest, which requires extracorporeal circulation, known as conventional coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), or on a beating heart, known as “off-pump” coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG).
CABG, or OPCAB or OPCABG).