Surgical treatment of type 2 diabetes has gained international recognition, and the most common procedure used today is gastric bypass (RYGBP). The unique feature of diabetes surgery is that the normal physiological flow of food is changed and the surgery is finalized by blocking the stomach, cutting off the jejunum, gastrointestinal anastomosis, and enteroenteric anastomosis. After surgery, the function of the digestive tract is divided into two areas, and the cure of diabetes is closely related to these two areas: (1) Food diversion area: This refers to the majority of the stomach, duodenum and proximal small intestine, which is the causative agent of type 2 diabetes and secretes “diabetogenic factors”. After surgery, this section of the digestive tract is left open and food no longer passes through it. After the surgery, this section of the digestive tract was left open and food no longer passed through it. Due to the lack of food stimulation, the “diabetogenic factor” was no longer released, and the causative agent of diabetes was eliminated. (2) Food flow through the area: the distal small intestine, this section of the digestive tract can secrete factors that lower blood sugar and promote the regeneration of pancreatic islet cells, but under normal circumstances, the food has been fully digested here, and the stimulating effect on the intestine is very small, and the secretion of this “diabetogenic factor” is also very small. After surgery, this section of the digestive tract receives undigested or incompletely digested food in advance, resulting in a great increase in the amount of secreted factors, which increases the body’s sensitivity to insulin through the action of the “intestine-islet axis”, and at the same time promotes insulin secretion and miraculously helps regenerate islet cells. The procedure can help to control blood sugar and treat diabetes. The cure rate of type 2 diabetes is over 83% and the efficiency rate is over 95%. And it can greatly reduce a series of complications brought about by diabetes and greatly improve the quality of life of diabetic patients. The earliest written record of RYGBP dates back to the 19th century, when Austrian surgeon Theodor Billroth performed the first residual gastric-jejunostomy. Current diabetes surgery has its roots in bariatric surgery. In the 1950s, bariatric surgery was introduced for the treatment of obesity, and initial clinical observations revealed a significant reduction in postoperative insulin use in obese patients along with weight loss, but this phenomenon was not initially appreciated. It was not until 1992 that Walter J. Pories of the Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University reported the results of a follow-up study after bariatric surgery in the journal Annals of Surgery (the world’s leading academic journal in the field of surgery), which for the first time clearly presented the fact that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) improved in obese patients after bariatric surgery. It was at this time that the academic community paid great attention. Subsequent studies showed more interesting findings, with many patients showing significant improvement in diabetes symptoms about a week after surgery, that is, the improvement in blood glucose was much earlier than the weight loss. This is supported by a series of subsequent studies, the largest sample size of which now includes a comprehensive analysis of 22,094 patients, which showed that 84% of patients with type 2 diabetes had a complete reversal of symptoms after surgery, with patients’ blood glucose and serum insulin and glycosylated hemoglobin levels returning to normal without the need for any diabetes medication or special diet. In conclusion, diabetes is a surgically curable disease, and in the near future, diabetes will not only be an “internal disease”, but traditional medical treatment will gradually be combined with surgical treatment modalities.