MDS, or myelodysplastic syndromes, is a group of heterogeneous myeloid clonal disorders originating from hematopoietic stem cells, with the main symptoms of anemia, infection, and bleeding, for which patients are advised to seek timely medical treatment. The etiology of myelodysplastic syndromes is unclear and may be related to genetic abnormalities, exposure to adverse physical and chemical factors, and abnormalities in the bone marrow microenvironment. Its main feature is the abnormal development of myeloid cells, manifested as refractory hematopoiesis, ineffective hematopoiesis, so almost all patients can have anemia, due to low neutrophil function, most patients can also be infected, and some patients can have hemorrhagic manifestations due to thrombocytopenia. Treatment of the disease includes low-risk group: component blood transfusion, hematopoietic factor therapy, immunomodulators, epigenetic drug therapy. High-risk group: chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. High-intensity therapy has a high rate of treatment-related complications and mortality and is not suitable for all patients. Specific treatment regimens should be developed by specialized physicians and patients should take medications as prescribed.