MT of the esophagus refers to a malignant tumor of the esophagus, known as esophageal cancer. The most common pathological type of esophageal cancer is squamous cell carcinoma, which accounts for about 90% of esophageal cancers. Clinically, progressive dysphagia is the typical symptom, and its mechanism is related to patients’ living conditions, dietary habits, carcinogens in food, and genetic susceptibility. Early stage esophageal cancer can be resected under gastroscope, which can achieve the effect of eradication. Treatment of middle and late stage esophageal cancer includes surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and endoscopic treatment, which can be applied in combination, and it can be eradicated after early surgical resection, with five-year survival rate higher than 90%. The quality of drinking water as well as dietary habits should be improved on weekdays to reduce morbidity.