In China, the prevalence of chronic kidney disease is very high (about 10%). It is estimated that the total number of patients with end-stage renal disease – uremia in China is over 2 million, and there are a large number of new cases every year. Although hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis can prolong life, long-term dialysis puts patients and their families under great pain and pressure. Kidney transplantation not only prolongs the life of uremic patients, but also enables them to return to society and enjoy a happy family life. The earliest patients in China who have successfully undergone kidney transplantation have been living in high quality for nearly 30 years! However, in reality, due to the severe shortage of organ sources, less than 1% of uremic patients in China are fortunate enough to receive a kidney transplant each year. Not all patients with uremia can undergo kidney transplantation. Pre-operative systematic examination of the recipient is required to exclude contraindications to kidney transplantation: contraindications: acute infection, active tuberculosis, untreated ulcer disease, hepatitis, hepatic insufficiency, mental illness, malignancy, severe vascular lesions, severe congenital malformations of the urinary system, disorders of coagulation mechanisms, etc. Relative contraindications: Hepatitis B surface antigen positivity, uncorrected severe anemia, cardiopulmonary insufficiency, cardiothoracic ratio ≥ 0.55, urinary tract obstruction, etc. Kidney transplantation is not recommended without correction of the above abnormalities. What is the preoperative preparation? To achieve good transplantation results, donor-recipient matching is constantly important (including tissue matching, age, gender, size of kidney, etc.). That is, the blood type of the donor-recipient conforms to the compatibility principle, 10% lymphocytotoxicity test, ≥3 HLA orthologous loci, and a negative group reactive antibody (PRA) in the recipient. Therefore, the donor-recipient should be checked for blood type, blood routine, urine routine, stool routine, blood biochemistry, serum four, coagulation four, hepatitis B two-to-half and HLA mapping. Chest X-ray, electrocardiogram, ultrasound, etc. The donor will also have an isotope nephrogram, intravenous pyelogram, and CT renal revascularization of both kidneys. The recipient will also have a PRA and mixed lymphocytotoxicity test. Both the donor and recipient must sign a volunteer letter, notarization and surgical signature. What should I pay attention to after the transplantation? Soon after the operation, the patient will enter the polyuria period, the urine volume often exceeds 500ml/h, and the urine volume is in the thousands to tens of thousands a day, so it is necessary to give a lot of fluids and carefully observe the in and out volume in order to adjust the intake volume according to the urine volume; monitor the electrolyte changes to prevent the heart failure or arrhythmia induced by volume and electrolyte problems. Early post-transplantation problems are rejection, drug toxicity and infection, so close observation of drug concentration changes is needed in the early post-operative period to make timely adjustments. Given the high incidence of cytomegalovirus infection after renal transplantation, antiviral drugs are routinely used for 3 months. Long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs can lead to hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular events, and tumorigenesis, and it is important to control complications and adverse drug reactions in a timely manner. Renal transplant recipients more than 5 years old should be screened for tumors annually. The prognosis of kidney transplantation is closely related to patient compliance. It is important to actively care for the transplanted kidney, improve the long-term prognosis of the transplanted kidney, improve the quality of life, and have a healthy and happy life.