Myelodysplastic syndrome MDS is a neoplastic disease originating from hematopoietic stem cells, characterized by pathological hematopoiesis of blood cells with a risk of transformation into leukemia. The most effective treatments for this disease are chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. 1. Myelodysplastic syndrome, or MDS, is a neoplastic disease characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, hematopoiesis, and hematopoietic failure due to abnormalities in the differentiation and development of hematopoietic stem cells. 2. Patients with myelodysplastic syndromes may have symptoms such as anemia, infection and bleeding. 3. Myelodysplastic syndromes can be treated with immunomodulators such as thalidomide, immunosuppressants and demethylating drugs such as azacitidine and decitabine. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only cure for this disease, and patients without contraindications for transplantation should undergo stem cell transplantation as early as possible. Once diagnosed, patients should be treated as early as possible under the guidance of a doctor.