The cold weather in winter easily triggers various diseases, especially respiratory diseases with the highest incidence. The elderly are not only prone to acute respiratory infections, but also patients suffering from chronic bronchitis and emphysema are more prone to recurrence or aggravation of old diseases, as well as complications of pneumonia and respiratory and circulatory failure, which are even life-threatening. What can I do to prevent respiratory disease? Helping the elderly and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to survive the winter months peacefully and reduce acute attacks is a concern for many people. The respiratory system itself has a well-developed set of local immune defense mechanisms, which are key to blocking the entry of pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses and preventing lung infections. Only when the invading pathogenic microorganisms break through this line of defense does it lead to the replication and multiplication of viruses and bacteria, causing bronchial and pulmonary infections. The severity of the disease depends, on the one hand, on the virulence of the pathogenic microorganisms and, on the other hand, on the immune capacity of the body. In general, the upper respiratory tract and the nasal cavity, pharynx and trachea of a healthy person contain a small amount of bacteria, while the lower respiratory tract remains sterile and is normally maintained in a healthy balance by a rather complex defense mechanism. Acute respiratory tract infections can occur if the defense mechanism is defective or if the pathogenic microorganisms are too virulent. In particular, the respiratory tract is in direct contact with the outside world and is more vulnerable to bacterial and viral invasion. Infants and older adults are most susceptible to upper respiratory tract infections and lung infections because they are weak, have low immune and disease resistance, and their lung defenses are more susceptible to change during severe cold or dramatic weather changes. In order to prevent and reduce the occurrence of acute respiratory infections, to prevent the recurrence of old diseases such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and to avoid serious complications, it is necessary to focus on prevention and to improve the immune function and resistance of the body to disease. To this end, the following protective measures should be taken: 1, appropriate exercise In particular, we should pay attention to cold exercise (you can wash your face with cold water, etc.), you can perform breathing exercises, chest expansion exercises, abdominal breathing and other training to enhance physical fitness, improve the ability to adapt to the climate and the body’s immunity. Exercise should be different according to the person’s age and physique, choose a suitable exercise program for themselves, persistent. Exercise intensity to not feel tired and shortness of breath. The elderly and frail people, encountering windy and cooling weather, foggy days, snowy days, it is best not to go out to exercise, can be appropriate activities indoors. 2, prevent cold to keep warm cold is the cause of a variety of diseases, the old slow patients with a cold, more than 90% can cause an acute attack. Therefore, try to avoid direct contact with cold air, cold and windy weather, it is best not to go out in the morning, you must go out to wear a mask. Pay attention to the cold and warmth, increase the clothing in time, especially pay attention to the head, chest and back and foot warmth, to prevent the cold from catching. 3, prevent sadness and grief Chinese medicine believes that the lung is the main sadness, sad lung. In winter, the sunlight decreases, the cold wind gusts, often makes people depressed, so that the immune function of the lung decreases. Therefore, we should pay attention to adjust the mood in winter, maintain a happy and optimistic state of mind, try to avoid the stimulation of sadness and tension, anxiety and other adverse emotions, reduce psychological stress, maintain emotional balance and stability. Those who suffer from chronic diseases of the respiratory system should establish confidence in overcoming the disease, actively cooperate with the treatment, and promote physical recovery. 4, improve the environment cold weather, many people like to stay indoors, and often closed doors and windows to improve the indoor temperature. This makes the room does not get enough oxygen and light, a variety of bacteria and viruses are easy to breed and reproduce. Therefore, the winter to keep the living room environment elegant, fresh air, sufficient sunlight, regular opening of windows in the morning and afternoon ventilation, to avoid smoke pollution and stimulation. Room temperature control between 16 and 20 degrees, it is best not to keep cats, dogs and other pets indoors. Do not spit anywhere, and do not throw away the paper used to wrap sputum and the paper used to wipe snot, so as not to spread the pathogen and endanger others. 5, quit smoking and alcohol Cigarette smoke causes damage to the bronchial epithelium and loss of cilia, leading to a decrease in the defense function of the lungs, aggravating respiratory infections and inducing acute attacks. Regular alcohol consumption will also stimulate the respiratory tract, produce moisture and accumulate phlegm, making the condition worse. 6, regulate the diet diet to nutrition, light, warm, soft as the principle. Eat less salty, spicy and hot, smoked and greasy things to reduce respiratory stimulation. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can choose foods with high protein, high fiber, moderate fat, moderate minerals and vitamins, low carbohydrates, less sugar and less salt, pay attention to drinking more water; eat more meals; when there is a significant lack of oxygen, oxygen therapy can be done before and after meals. 7, hydration and rest Regular life, proper rest, avoid exertion, pay attention to timely hydration, keep the respiratory tract moist and smooth, which is a necessary protective measure. Gargle with salt water in the throat to help prevent respiratory tract infection. 8, timely medical consultation During the influenza respiratory disease epidemic, you should go to public places less often. Seek medical attention promptly when symptoms such as chills and cough appear. Special reminders for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 1. How to cope with shortness of breath If you can’t catch your breath, first of all, stay calm, because tension will make shortness of breath worse. Then find a place to sit down, take a short rest and let your body relax. Use the mouth exhalation method to inhale the air deeply into the lungs, and then exhale slowly. Try to control the breathing rate, and when the breathing rate is controlled, you can switch to the nasal inhalation and oral exhalation method. If shortness of breath is still not controlled, you can use a bronchodilator prescribed by your doctor. And you can self-select a most comfortable position: high side lying, prone forward leaning sitting, relaxed sitting spine to keep straight, prone forward leaning standing, relaxed standing, etc. 2, adhere to continuous home oxygen therapy Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary patients, according to the doctor’s prescription, can choose to use oxygen machine oxygen, improve the hypoxic condition, reduce shortness of breath, enhance exercise capacity, prolong survival time. Use low concentration, low flow rate, continuous oxygen inhalation, oxygen flow rate:1-2 liters/min, time:15 hours or more per day. 3.Know the performance of acute exacerbation of symptoms Shortness of breath increases during daily activities; shortness of breath increases; cough more than normal; sputum increases, thickens and turns yellow than usual; the number of using short-acting aerosol increases; less active than usual; more easily tired or unable to sleep; fever, etc. 4.What to do when the symptoms are acutely aggravated Find out the possible causes of this aggravation and remove them as soon as possible, such as cold. Keep emotionally calm and relaxed, and take methods to relieve shortness of breath. Take backup medication as prescribed by your doctor and inhale bronchodilators prescribed by your doctor in a timely manner. Milder acute attacks can be observed for 12-24 hours after the above treatment, and visit a community health center or outpatient clinic as appropriate. When acute worsening symptoms such as increased shortness of breath, increased cough, and increased sputum occur, seek medical attention quickly.