Jefferson fracture, which is a fracture of the atlantoaxial spine of the 1st cervical vertebra, has a relatively low incidence and is treated as follows once diagnosed: the anatomical structure of the atlantoaxial spine there, the transverse diameter of the spinal canal as well as the sagittal diameter are relatively large. Most fractures of the atlantoaxial spine are burst fractures, and the fractures are mostly displaced out of the spinal canal, so there is little compression of the spinal cord. Non-operative treatment is a reasonable method of treatment, starting with 3-4 weeks of cranial traction with a weight of 3-5 kg, followed by 2-3 months of fixation with a cephalothoracic cast and finally 2-3 months of protection with a cervical collar, during which the healing of the fracture is reviewed by CT, and if the anterior and posterior arches of the atlantoaxial spine heal with stability, surgery can be dispensed with. If there is poor healing of the anterior or posterior arches and poor stability, surgery is required. The surgical procedure is either atlantoaxial fusion or cervico-occipital fusion, depending on the healing of the fracture.