Cerebral ischemia and hypoxia are the main causes of brain injury in perinatal infants, and brain tissue may have cerebral edema, brain tissue necrosis, and intracranial hemorrhage in the early stages of cerebral hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. The sensitivity of perinatal brain tissue to hypoxia-ischemia is not only related to the length of pregnancy, but also related to the local anatomical structure and physiological characteristics of the brain, such as cerebral white matter dysplasia occurs mostly in the first 6 months of pregnancy, and the lesion is mainly at the anterior border of the temporal pole of the brain, which is the anterior horn end of the lateral ventricle of the brain in coronal section, and the ratio of gray matter to white matter in this section is about 8:7 in normal newborns. In addition, the two cerebral hemispheres have a spherical appearance, the frontal lobes are smaller than normal, the ventricles are relatively dilated, and the pontine and medullary vertebrae are thinner. Subventricular hemorrhage often occurs in immature infants due to the local anatomical and physiological characteristics of immature infants, combined with ischemia and hypoxia, changes in blood pressure and blood flow, resulting in rupture and hemorrhage of damaged capillaries. Focal hemorrhages can be seen in the head of the caudate nucleus, the caudate thalamic sulcus, the lateral wall of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle and the lateral occipital horn, and in severe cases, small hematomas can form. Intraventricular hemorrhage occurs in severe cases and is the most common lesion in immature infants, with more than 80% of the hemorrhages being from subventricular hemorrhage according to statistics. When the hemorrhage is too large to be completely absorbed, mechanization, especially clot mechanization in the 4th ventricle or mechanized adhesions in the subarachnoid space, can cause acute and chronic hydrocephalus. Periventricular white matter softening also accounts for a certain proportion of children with intrauterine growth retardation, hypoglycemia or congenital heart disease, and most of the lesions occur in the deep white matter around the disturbance, especially in the white matter near the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle (frontal lobe) and the white matter near the posterior horn. The main mechanical injuries during childbirth that are closely related to cerebral palsy are subdural hematoma and cerebral ischemic infarction. Subdural hematomas mostly occur in the dorsolateral aspect of the cerebral hemispheres. Ischemic necrosis of the brain is prone to occur in cases of obstructed labor with facial prematurity, skull overlap, and prolonged labor. When hyperbilirubinemia is present, bilirubin can damage the basal nucleus, hippocampus, suboptic nucleus, dentate nucleus and so on by staining them yellow or dark yellow, and nerve cells can have different degrees of degeneration, large loss of neurons and proliferation of glial cells instead. Various congenital infections, such as congenital rubella virus infection, congenital toxoplasma infection, cytomegalovirus infection, congenital herpes simplex virus infection, etc., the central nervous system is the most commonly attacked.