What are the main diseases treated in neurosurgery? Neurosurgery is one of the youngest, most complex and fastest growing disciplines in medicine. In 1879, Mac Ewen performed the first formal craniotomy in Glasgow, England, where he successfully removed a flattened meningioma from the left anterior cranial recess with good results. Neurosurgery as an independent discipline was born in England at the end of the 19th century on the basis of the development of neurology, anesthesia, and asepsis, and its initial development and maturation was in the United States after the early 20th century. Neurosurgery treats the following diseases: 1) trauma to the head and spinal cord; 2) tumors of the head and spinal cord; 3) vascular diseases of the brain and spinal cord, such as intracranial aneurysms, cerebrospinal vascular malformations, cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarction; 4) intracranial infectious diseases, such as brain abscesses, cerebral tuberculomas, cerebral parasites, etc.; 5) congenital (from birth) malformations of the head and spinal cord, such as narrow skull, submandibular herniation malformations, Meningocele, spondylolisthesis, spina bifida, etc.; 6, neurological functional diseases, such as neuralgia, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, torsional spasm, facial spasm, spastic squint, cerebral palsy, etc.