We all know that with diabetes, there is no cure, all we can do is early prevention and intervention. This requires the attention of people at high risk for diabetes, as early prevention can effectively delay or intervene in the onset of diabetes. So, who are the people at risk for diabetes?
People at risk for diabetes are those who are at risk for developing diabetes.
①Parents, siblings or other relatives with diabetes, i.e., family history of diabetes, and first-degree relatives of diabetics are the most likely to have abnormal glucose regulation;
②People who have had hyperglycemia during pregnancy;
③People who have a history of delivery of a large fetus (fetus weighing more than 4 kg at birth);
④Patients with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, hyperinsulinemia and high blood viscosity;
(⑤) Long-term smokers;
⑥People with high work stress and excessive psychological burden;
(7) Long-term high calorie intake and lack of exercise;
⑧ Obese or overweight people, especially abdominal obese people;
Those who are older than 40 years old, the older they are, the greater their chance of developing diabetes; those who use special drugs such as glucocorticoids and diuretics for a long time; those who have been diagnosed with early diabetes, i.e., those with impaired fasting glucose or low glucose tolerance.
What should people at risk for diabetes do? The main danger of diabetes is the occurrence of various complications, therefore, early identification of people at risk of diabetes, early diagnosis of diabetes, early intervention measures to prevent and reduce the occurrence of various complications, you can reduce the danger of diabetes and medical expenses to the greatest extent.
1. Active and healthy lifestyle.
It mainly includes proper diet control, strengthening exercise, quitting smoking and limiting alcohol, weight control, etc. Diet management is the basis of prevention and treatment, to achieve a reasonable diet, maintain a reasonable mix of coarse and fine grains, meat and vegetables, eat more vegetables, less high-calorie food and snacks, avoid high-fat diet, eliminate cola, sugar water and other “sweet killers”. At the same time, the diet should be light, and actively quit smoking and limit alcohol. In addition, in addition to “keep your mouth shut”, you should also “open your legs”. Obesity is an important factor in diabetes, often maintain a moderate amount of exercise, generally about one hour of moderate intensity exercise per day for adults, such as brisk walking, jogging, swimming, etc., is conducive to the consumption of excess calories, adjusting blood lipid disorders, lowering blood pressure, increasing insulin sensitivity, while exercise can also relax tension and improve the quality of life. Enhance education and knowledge about prevention and treatment. Increase physical activity, exercise can lower blood sugar, can increase insulin sensitivity, exercise is also an effective way to lose weight, can correct dyslipidemia, lower blood pressure so that cardiopulmonary function is exercised, relax tension and improve the quality of life; avoid and reduce the use of drugs that are unfavorable to sugar and lipid metabolism, such as adrenocorticotropic hormones and diuretics can affect sugar metabolism and lipid metabolism.
2, maintain a healthy mental state.
A good state of mind has a positive effect on the prevention of diabetes, a huge blow is sometimes enough to induce diabetes. Therefore, it is important to focus on health, live a little more dashing, a little more confused about small things, master the skills of psychological regulation, and always maintain a young, healthy state of mind can help prevent diabetes.
3, the necessary drug intervention.
For early diabetes that has been detected, when the effect of lifestyle intervention is not satisfactory enough, drug intervention (such as biguanides, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and insulin sensitizers, etc.) can be considered under the guidance of a doctor. A significant proportion of patients with early diabetes can be converted to normal with intensive lifestyle interventions or with varying degrees of pharmacological treatment. In the process of treatment, we should avoid giving up formal treatment for the sake of eagerness to achieve success, or delaying the disease by listening to false advertisements and using “partial prescription” treatment.
4. Actively treat other metabolic diseases such as hypertension and dyslipidemia.
Current research has confirmed that diabetes has a close relationship with hypertension, dyslipidemia and other diseases. For example, the incidence of type 2 diabetes in hypertensive patients is about 2.5 times higher than that in those with normal blood pressure. Therefore, the active intervention of the above-mentioned diseases to strengthen the attainment of the standard is also of great significance to the prevention and treatment of diabetes.
5. Regular monitoring of blood glucose.
As early diabetes has no obvious symptoms, and diabetic patients may already have different degrees of complications when they are detected. Therefore, for people at high risk of diabetes, the key point is: fasting and 2-hour postprandial blood glucose should be checked regularly (preferably every six months), and if fasting blood glucose is above 5.6 mmol/L, an oral glucose tolerance test should also be taken. This is because early diabetes often first shows only elevated postprandial blood glucose, while fasting blood glucose may be normal, and testing only fasting blood glucose may cause half of all diabetics to be missed.
Less common symptoms of diabetes.
There are typical symptoms of diabetes, less obvious symptoms, and some rare symptoms. Some symptoms show up in the pre-diabetes period, and some come with diabetes. Therefore people at risk for diabetes should be aware of these symptoms.
Enlarged parotid glands. The parotid glands are symmetrically enlarged and painless bilaterally, and the opening of the parotid duct is normal. With well-controlled diabetes, the enlargement may decrease.
Back pain. About 15% of diabetic patients complain of low back pain, but no muscle, ligament or bone or joint lesions are found after investigation, and the low back pain worsens or decreases with changes in urine sugar and blood sugar. The cause is the enhanced urinary function, caused by the expansion of the kidney capsule, taking metformin can aggravate the pain.
Vulvar itching. Dampness and itching of the vulva, previously thought to be related to urinary sugar stimulation, has been found to be closely related to increased blood sugar.
Pre-meal hypoglycemia. It is a type of functional hypoglycemia. Before the discovery of diabetes or during abnormal glucose tolerance, about 5% of patients have preprandial hypoglycemia, which is related to insulin secretion dysfunction. Nowadays, it is found that there are four kinds of abnormalities in insulin secretion in diabetes: quantity, quality (containing insulinogen and peptide), rhythm (such as delayed peak) and time phase, and preprandial hypoglycemia is related to delayed peak of insulin, which is more likely to occur when eating sweets. People with this phenomenon should be alerted to the risk of developing diabetes mellitus.
Lid xanthoma. A round yellow spot on the skin of the inner canthus of the eye with clear edges, not itchy or painful, containing a large amount of cholesterol, seen in about 1% of diabetic patients, and associated with impaired cholesterol metabolism.
Facial flushing. Both cheeks are flushed, some have capillary dilation. It is mostly seen in middle-aged men and is associated with small vascular lesions in the skin.