Routine urine examination content
The content of routine urine examination includes the color, transparency, acidity and alkalinity of urine, red blood cells, white blood cells, epithelial cells, tubular type, protein, specific gravity and urine sugar characterization.
1, urine color check: in the routine urine examination, first of all, we should observe whether the color of urine is normal. Normal urine is straw yellow, abnormal urine color can change due to food, drugs, pigment, blood and other factors.
2, the examination of urine transparency: said that the transparency of urine if normal most of them are clear and transparent, if placed too long the pH of urine changes, the urine within the mucin, nuclear proteins and other gradual precipitation then appear mildly cloudy.
3, acidity: in the routine urine examination, if it is normal urine should be weakly acidic, but may also appear neutral or weakly alkaline because of the type of diet, the drugs taken and the type of disease.
4, cell examination: normal human urine can occasionally see red blood cells and a few white blood cells and small round epithelial cells present, if there are many red blood cells, a large number of white blood cells, many small round epithelial cells in the urine are signs of reproductive infection disease.
5, tubular examination: normal urine has no tubular type, or occasionally see a few transparent tubular type, containing only a very small amount of albumin.
6, protein examination: generally normal people excrete relatively small amounts of protein daily, urine routine examination is often specified in the sexual test is negative.
7, specific gravity test: urine specific gravity is affected by age, water consumption and sweating. The urine specific gravity can reveal certain information in the reproductive infection disease.8, urine sugar qualitative examination: normal urine has a trace of glucose, the qualitative test is negative. Positive urine sugar may be the presence of some disease.
Analysis of urine routine test results
Urine volume (Vol)
In general, a normal adult urinates O.8 to 2.0 liters a day and night (24 hours). However, water consumption, exercise, sweating and temperature can all affect the volume of urine. A nighttime urine volume >2500ml is polyuria, <400
Urine color (Col)
Normal urine is pale yellow to yellowish brown. It is often affected by diet, exercise, sweating, etc. In patients with uremia and diabetes mellitus, the urine is almost colorless; in hepatocellular jaundice and obstructive jaundice, orange or dark yellow is seen, i.e. bilirubinuria, but if riboflavin, complex vitamin B, furan drugs can also be dark yellow, which should be distinguished from the above-mentioned bilirubinuria; in urinary tumors, stones, tuberculosis or trauma and acute inflammation (such as acute cystitis), hematuria appears, with a red appearance, visible under the microscope A large number of red blood cells, a large number of white blood cells, microorganisms, epithelial cells or a large number of amorphous phosphate and uric acid salts in the urine appear in a milky color. In addition, soy sauce-colored, red wine-colored, dark brown and other colors of urine can be seen. After excluding the influence of drugs, further examination in hospital is recommended
Clarity (Clr)
Fresh urine is clear and transparent without precipitation. After a period of time, flocculent precipitation may appear. Especially in women, the urine may be cloudy at the time of discharge, often due to leukocytes, epithelial cells, mucus, microorganisms, etc. Microscopic examination is needed to distinguish.
Specific gravity (SG)
The specific gravity of 24-hour urine in a normal person is around 1.015. It often fluctuates between 1.010 and 1.025 and is affected by diet, exercise, sweating, etc. The specific gravity of random urine fluctuates from 1.005 to 1.030.
When the specific gravity of 24-hour mixed urine is increased, it is seen in high fever and dehydration, acute glomerulonephritis, and cardiac insufficiency. The specific gravity of proteinuria and diabetic patients also increases. 24-hour mixed urine specific gravity decreases in uremia, chronic nephritis and other conditions where the kidney concentration function is reduced. If the specific gravity is ≥1.025, it means that the kidney concentration function is normal, and the specific gravity is ≤1.005, it means that the kidney dilution function is normal, if it is fixed at about l.010, it is called isotonic urine. If the specific gravity is fixed at about l.010, it is called isotonic urine.
Acid-base reaction (pH)
Normal fresh urine is mostly weakly acidic, pH 6.O. Due to the influence of food, pH often fluctuates between 5.O and 8.O. In febrile diseases, heavy sweating, protein decomposition, especially in acidosis, urine acidity is enhanced to be strongly acidic, and pH drops, and when taking ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, dilute hydrochloric acid and other drugs, urine is also acidic. In alkalosis, when there is a large amount of pus and blood in the urine, and when alkaline drugs such as soda are taken, the urine is alkaline and the pH rises.
Urine leukocytes (granulocyte lipase LEU)
It is an indicator of bacterial infection of urinary system, qualitative test: normal is negative, abnormal indicates the possibility of urinary tract infection
Urinary nitrite (NIT)
It is a screening indicator for bacterial urinary tract infections, qualitative test: normal is negative. Normal human urine contains nitrite. It is reduced by bacteria (mainly Enterobacteriaceae). Therefore, when the urinary tract infection (such as cystitis, pyelonephritis) can be positive, because Enterobacteriaceae (such as Escherichia coli, Aspergillus, etc.) is the common bacteria of urinary tract infection, so this test is often done as a screening test for urinary tract infection
Urine Protein Profile (PRO)
Urine protein test is an important indicator for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of kidney diseases. Qualitative test: normal is negative.
Comprehensive analysis of test results: the results of urine organic fraction microscopy, dry chemistry analyzer test results and various cytochemical and immunochemical staining techniques are compared with each other and analyzed comprehensively.
①If the urine is stored in the bladder for too long, neutrophils may destroy and release esterase into the urine, resulting in a positive urine dry chemistry test result for leukocytes, while the microscopic examination is negative, and the dry chemistry analyzer test result should prevail in such cases.
(ii) Rejection reaction in kidney transplant patients may lead to a large number of lymphocytes in the urine. Lymphocytes have no esterase, and the dry chemical analysis is negative for leukocytes, while the microscopic examination is negative for leukocytes, and the microscopic examination should prevail.
③Red cells in the urine of kidney disease are often destroyed and hemoglobin is released, so microscopic examination may not have red blood cells present, while stem cell analysis is positive for hemoglobin (occult blood), this should be subject to the latter result.