With the increasing understanding of cancer as a persistent disease, it is gradually realized that cancer prevention is the most effective weapon in the fight against cancer. Many scientific studies and effective control activities have shown that cancer can be avoided, 1/3 of cancers can be prevented, 1/3 of cancers can be cured if diagnosed early. Reasonable and effective palliative care can improve the quality of life of the remaining 1/3 of cancer patients. Today’s world presents many challenges to our traditional habits, and new perspectives on health have emerged that require ongoing awareness. Individuals, families and even communities are more responsible than ever for helping themselves and others to prevent disease and to improve their lifestyles and environments to promote health. Governments must take appropriate measures to support the activities of individuals, families, and communities. Tumor prevention and control can only be truly preventive if it is incorporated into people’s daily lives and work agendas.
The ultimate goal of cancer prevention is to reduce the incidence of cancer and mortality. In order to achieve this purpose, the following kinds of preventive measures can be adopted: primary prevention, secondary prevention, tertiary prevention and chemoprevention, etc. Cancer prevention DD primary prevention, secondary prevention, tertiary prevention
Primary prevention
Primary Prevention – the first level of prevention or etiological prevention. Its goal is to prevent the occurrence of cancer. Its tasks include studying the causes and risk factors of various cancers, taking preventive measures against specific cancer-causing and cancer-promoting factors such as chemical, physical and biological factors and conditions of internal and external pathogenesis, and taking measures to enhance environmental protection, appropriate diet and appropriate sports for a healthy organism in order to promote physical and mental health. For individuals, this is the 0 period, which is an important “prevention before it happens” period.
1.Avoid smoking
Smoking is a well-known cancer-causing factor, which is related to 30% of cancers. Tobacco tar contains many carcinogens and carcinogenic substances, such as 3-4 benzpyrene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, nitrosamines, etc. When the smoke of tobacco combustion is inhaled, tar particles are attached to the bronchial mucosa, which can induce carcinogenesis after long-term chronic stimulation. Smoking mainly causes cancer in lung, pharynx, larynx and esophagus, but also increases the risk of tumor in many other areas.
2.Diet structure
The American Diet, Nutrition and Cancer Council (DNC) survey shows that colon cancer, breast cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer and lung cancer are most likely to be prevented by changing dietary habits. In fact, a proper diet may have a preventive effect on most cancers, especially plant-based foods have a variety of cancer-preventive ingredients that are effective in preventing almost all cancers. 8 dietary guidelines published by the Chinese Nutrition Society in 1997 are
1) Variety of food, cereal-based. A variety of foods should include five categories of cereals and potatoes, animal foods, beans and their products, vegetables and fruits, and pure calorie foods.
2) Eat more vegetables, fruits and potatoes to maintain cardiovascular health, increase resistance to disease, prevent cancer, and prevent eye diseases.
3) Eat milk, beans and their products every day. Calcium in our diet is generally lacking, only half of the recommended supply. And dairy foods are high in calcium and are an excellent source of protein, as are beans.
4) Often eat appropriate amounts of fish, poultry, eggs, lean meat, less fatty meat and meat and oil. The amino acid composition of animal protein is comprehensive, with high lysine content; and the unsaturated fatty acids of fish have the effect of lowering blood lipids and preventing thrombosis.
5) Balance diet and physical activity to maintain proper weight. The calorie supply for breakfast, lunch and dinner should be 30%, 40% and 30% respectively.
6) Eat a light and low-salt diet. The average salt intake of our residents is about 15 grams per day, which is more than twice the value recommended by the World Health Organization, so the salt intake should be reduced.
7) Drink alcohol in moderation.
8) Eat clean, hygienic and non-perishable food. Including the purchase of food that meets health standards, especially green food.
3, other such as occupation, environment, infection, drugs, etc.
Exposure to some chemical substances due to occupation and environment can lead to tumors in different parts of the body. For example, lung cancer (asbestos), bladder (aniline dyes), leukemia (benzene). Some infectious diseases are also very closely linked to certain cancers: for example, hepatitis B virus and liver cancer, and human papilloma virus and cervical cancer. In some countries, schistosomal parasitic infections significantly increase the risk of bladder cancer. Exposure to some ionizing rays and large amounts of ultraviolet light, especially from the sun, can also cause certain tumors, especially skin cancer. Commonly used drugs with carcinogenic properties include sex hormones – estrogens and androgens, and the anti-estrogen drug triamcinolone. Widely used estrogens in postmenopausal women are associated with endometrial and breast cancers.
Secondary prevention
Primary Prevention – secondary prevention or preclinical prevention, “three early preventions”. The goal is to prevent the development of initial disease.
The task includes taking “three early” measures (early detection, early diagnosis, and early treatment) for potential or hidden diseases before the appearance of cancer symptoms. In order to stop or slow down the development of the disease, reverse to stage 0 as early as possible and restore health.
(A) Pay attention to the ten danger signs of cancer
1) Gradual increase in size of palpable lumps on the body surface or superficially.
2) Persistent abnormal digestion or feeling of fullness in the upper abdomen after eating.
3) Sternal discomfort or even choking sensation when swallowing food.
4) Persistent cough with blood in the sputum.
5)Tinnitus, hearing loss, epistaxis, blood in nasopharyngeal secretions.
6)Irregular vaginal bleeding outside the menstrual period or after menopause, especially contact bleeding.
7)Occult blood in the stool, blood in the stool, hematuria.
8)Ulcers that have not healed for a long time.
9)Mole or wart with short term enlargement, deepening of color, hair loss, itching, or breakage.
10) Weight loss of unknown origin.
(II) Universal screening of certain populations.
(iii)Treatment of precancerous lesions
Such as heavy hyperplasia of esophageal epithelium, atypical hyperplasia, chemosis and atrophic gastritis of gastric mucosa, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, colon polyps, hyperplasia and chemosis of bronchial epithelium, etc.
(iv) Strengthen the monitoring of susceptible people
People with genetic susceptibility to cancer and family history of cancer are susceptible to cancer. They must be monitored regularly.
(E) Self-examination of tumor
Self-examination can also be performed regularly for the parts of the body that can be touched and seen. For example, self-examination of breast for women.
Tertiary prevention
Primary Prevention – the third level of prevention, clinical prevention or rehabilitative prevention. Its goal is to prevent the deterioration of the disease and to prevent disability. The task is to adopt multidisciplinary diagnosis (MDD) and treatment (MDT), and correctly choose the reasonable or even the best treatment plan to extinguish cancer as early as possible, try to restore function, promote recovery, prolong life, improve quality of life, and even return to society.
Cancer prevention DD self-examination
If you find you have the following discomfort or related symptoms, you should seek medical consultation in time. According to the situation in China, the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences has proposed the following ten symptoms as warning signs to draw people’s attention to cancer swelling.
1.Lumps in any part of the body, such as breast, neck or abdomen, especially if they are gradually increasing in size.
2.Ulcers on any part of the body, such as tongue, cheek mucosa, skin, etc. without trauma, especially those that do not heal for a long time.
3.Irregular vaginal bleeding or discharge (commonly known as increased leucorrhea) in women of middle age or older.
4.Dullness, burning pain, foreign body sensation or progressive aggravation of dysphagia behind the sternum when eating.
5.A dry cough or blood in the talk that cannot be cured for a long time.
6.Long-term indigestion, progressive loss of appetite, wasting, and no clear cause is identified.
7.Change in stool habit or blood in stool.
8.Nasal congestion, epistaxis, unilateral headache or diplopia.
9.A sudden increase in size of the nevus or breakage, bleeding, or loss of the original hair.
10. Painless hematuria.
In addition to the eight warning signs and ten symptoms mentioned above, there are also the following signs that should be highly alerted.
1.Unilateral persistently aggravated headache, vomiting and visual disturbance, especially diplopia of unknown cause.
2.Tinnitus, hearing loss, retractable sputum with blood, and neck mass.
3.Unexplained oral bleeding, oropharyngeal discomfort, foreign body sensation or cavity pain.
4, Painless and persistent worsening jaundice.
5, Nipple overflow, especially bloody fluid.
6.Growing gynecomastia.
7.Unexplained fatigue, anemia and fever.
8.Unexplained generalized pain, bone and joint pain.
In addition, precancerous lesions should also be considered as early signs. For example, mucosal leukoplakia, chronic skin ulcers, fistula, proliferative scars (especially scars caused by chemical burns), atrophic gastritis and intestinal epithelial hyperplasia, multiple polyps in the rectum, skin keratosis (especially keratosis of the palm at the size of the fissure, cystic lobular hyperplasia of the breast, cervical erosion, cervical polyps, etc.) can develop into cancer.