Thalassemia, also known as thalassemia, is a kind of hereditary hemolytic anemia in which the synthesis of the peptide chain of peptide in hemoglobin is impaired due to the defect of peptide gene, resulting in abnormal composition of hemoglobin. The hazards and treatments of thalassemia are analyzed as follows: I. Hazards: 1. Iron overload: mainly due to long-term repeated blood transfusion and increased intestinal iron absorption leading to iron overload, while the physiological function of the body to excrete iron is limited, resulting in excessive iron deposition in the whole body tissues and organs, causing tissue and organ function damage; 2. Cranial deformation: long-term severe anemia will lead to a larger skull, frontal bulge, high cheekbones and collapsed nasal bridge, etc. 3. severe infection: thalassemia patients are prone to infection due to their low immunity and weak resistance; 4. heart failure: it is due to the patient’s long-term iron overload and a large amount of hemoglobin free in the body, which leads to serious heart damage and then heart failure; 5. other: some patients may develop jaundice, enlarged liver and spleen, etc. Treatment: The treatment principle of thalassemia is to help patients achieve normal growth and development.1. Drug therapy: including iron-lowering drugs and trace element supplements. Common drugs include desferrioxamine and Deferasirox, which can maintain the iron level in the body, relieve iron overload and avoid triggering heart failure, liver and kidney function damage, etc. 2. Surgical treatment: including splenectomy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Splenectomy can reduce blood consumption, transfusion requirements and eventually iron load, and is suitable for patients with thalassemia combined with splenomegaly and hypersplenism. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is currently an effective treatment for thalassemia. Hematopoietic stem cells are classified into bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells, peripheral blood stem cells, and umbilical cord blood stem cells according to their source. The younger the patient is, the better the transplantation effect will be. It is recommended that patients who have the conditions can receive hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as early as possible; 3. Other treatments: including blood transfusion therapy and gene therapy. Blood transfusion therapy can maintain the patient’s hemoglobin concentration, protect the body’s oxygen-carrying capacity, and inhibit the production of defective red blood cells in the body’s bone marrow. Gene therapy is a feasible treatment to reduce the immune complications of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation by using hematopoietic stem cells as the carrier of genes and introducing normal bead protein genes into the diseased hematopoietic stem cells so as to achieve normal expression.