Who is prone to mini-stroke? Middle-aged and elderly people with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease and/or myocardial infarction, rheumatic heart disease, atrial fibrillation, etc., and those with carotid atherosclerotic plaque and stenosis found on physical examination (carotid ultrasound, brain ultrasound, etc.) are more likely to have TIA. patients with true erythrocytosis are also prone to TIA. patients with rheumatic heart disease, coronary atherosclerotic heart disease with atrial fibrillation are more likely to have cerebral embolism. Patients with rheumatic heart disease and coronary artery atherosclerosis with atrial fibrillation are at high risk of cerebral embolism. People with one or more of these risk factors are called individuals at high risk for cerebrovascular disease and should be alerted to the occurrence of TIA. Presentation of mini-stroke: stereotypy and diversity Because mini-stroke (TIA) is mostly caused by the dislodgement of atheromatous plaque or thrombus from artery to artery, it tends to reach the same or similar brain regions along the same vessel, and the local brain deficits are characterized by transient (usually lasting for a few minutes to about 20 minutes, usually not more than an hour) and reversible (no brain infarct lesions or residual symptoms). Therefore, when a patient has a series of frequent seizures, the form of his seizure presentation is usually fixed, a characteristic called stereotypy. In contrast, for different patients, the presentation of cerebral deficits is diverse due to the different arteries where the obstruction occurs and the different sites of cerebral ischemia. An analogy to this stereotype and diversity can be drawn with road traffic blockages: the consequences of a road blockage to the airport are usually fixed, i.e., delaying our flight, while blockages occurring on different roads in the city can have various effects on our life and work. Understanding the diversity of TIA episodes will help us to determine and respond to the condition in a timely and correct manner. Small strokes need to be distinguished from the following diseases 1. epilepsy: epilepsy is also manifested as seizure brain dysfunction, which is caused by abnormal over-discharge of nerve cells in the brain. Some types of seizures are very similar to TIA and need to be examined in the hospital to be judged by the doctor. This includes petit mal seizures. 2. Migraine aura: Migraine is a disease in which episodic headache is the main manifestation. Some patients can have aura manifestations such as blurred vision, double vision, or numbness in the migraine body before the attack, followed by headache. Sometimes, the aura can come on alone. 3, hypoglycemia: common in diabetic patients taking hypoglycemic drugs, most cases will be accompanied by panic, hand shaking, sweating, weakness, and hunger feeling. Symptoms improve rapidly after eating or drinking sugar water. 4, multiple sclerosis: a central nervous system autoimmune disease, multiple lesions, often with multiple relapses and remissions. It is mostly seen in young and strong people, and more in women. The disease is relatively rare in China except for some cold regions. The disease requires brain and spinal cord MRI as well as cerebrospinal fluid examination for differentiation. In addition, dizziness lasting only one or two seconds, as well as isolated generalized fatigue, dizziness, or shaking of the limbs, are usually not manifestations of TIA attacks.