Thyroid nodules are usually clumps in the thyroid tissue after abnormal proliferation of thyroid cells. Thyroid nodules are treated differently depending on the cause of the disease, and common treatments include medication, surgery, and radioactive iodine therapy. Most of the thyroid nodules are detected through physical examination. The nature and function of thyroid nodules need to be evaluated through ultrasonography, thyroid-related mass markers, and thyroid function tests after detection of thyroid nodules. If the thyroid nodule is non-functional and benign, and the nodule is small and has no compression symptoms, it can be left untreated for the time being, and regular checkups will be sufficient; if the nodule is large and has compression symptoms, surgery will be required. If the thyroid nodule is functional and leads to hyperthyroidism, anti-thyroid medication (e.g., methimazole, propylthiouracil), radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery should be chosen according to the patient’s specific condition. If the thyroid nodule is suspected to be malignant, puncture biopsy can be perfected and timely surgical treatment. When a patient is diagnosed with thyroid nodules, he or she should go to the hospital immediately and have the next treatment plan decided by a specialized doctor.