Aphasia is a clinical condition in which there is an inability to recognize body parts and familiar objects through the organs in the absence of sensory insufficiency, mental decline, confusion, and inattention. This includes deficits in visual, auditory, tactile, and body part awareness. The degree of clinical cognition is often determined by the patient’s ability to correctly name a sensory stimulus; to demonstrate its use and usage; and to select the specified stimulus from a series of stimuli. Being able to name indicates only one part of cognition. Aphasia and aphasia are two different psychological disorders. The inability to name does not mean the inability to cognize; aphasia patients are unable to name objects, describe their uses, demonstrate their usage, and perform object-to-object matching tests, while aphasia patients can correctly perform the use of objects and the above-mentioned test methods in addition to being unable to name them. The patient is no longer able to recognize visually, or is unable to recognize things that he or she was able to recognize without difficulty, even though the patient’s visual acuity and reasoning ability are unchanged. The patient’s ability to identify familiar places, things around him, various appearances and even his relatives, and sometimes colors, becomes difficult or impossible. How to effectively prevent cognitive deficits? 1. Symptomatic and neuroprotective treatment Patients with obvious psychiatric and neurological symptoms, such as depression, anxiety and sleep disorders, can be treated symptomatically according to their conditions. In addition, for the etiology and pathogenesis of cognitive impairment, different neuroprotective agents can be applied, such as cerebral circulation improvers, energy metabolism activators, neurotransmitters and nerve growth factor protectors, Ca2+ antagonists, glutamate receptor antagonists, antioxidants, glial cell modulators and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents are widely used in the treatment of cognitive impairment caused by different diseases. 2. Restoring and maintaining normal levels of neurotransmitters A variety of cognitive disorders are associated with neurotransmitter abnormalities; for example, dopaminergic neuronal damage plays an important role in the pathogenesis of PD, and various strategies targeting the enhancement of dopaminergic neurological function have emerged, including pharmacological supplementation of its precursor L-dopamine, various cell transplants to replace dopaminergic neurons, and gene therapy methods to implant genes for enzymes that promote dopamine synthesis, the to promote dopamine production in the striatum or implantation of neurotrophic factor genes to prevent the death of dopaminergic neurons or to stimulate regeneration and functional recovery of the damaged nigrostriatal system. In addition, in view of the degeneration of cholinergic neurons in AD patients, the use of cholinesterase inhibitors to block the degradation of acetylcholine in the synaptic gap of nerve cells to increase the content of acetylcholine in the nervous system is the only effective strategy currently used clinically for the treatment of AD. 3.Surgical treatment Traditional surgical therapies include pallidotomy, thalamotomy and stereotactic implantation of brain stimulators, etc. Since the 1990s, a new stereotactic destruction therapy characterized by microelectrode positioning and computer control established abroad has achieved great success in the treatment of advanced patients. This technique, which is based on modern electrophysiological techniques and precise localization and directed surgical treatment at the cellular level, can identify different nuclei cells in the patient’s brain according to different parts of the pallidum with distinctly different electrophysiological characteristics, such as the lateral part of the pallidum with relatively irregular or transient burst discharges and its medial part with relatively continuous high-frequency discharges, and determine the target point at the cellular level, thus overcoming individual anatomical and functional differences, making the procedure safer and more effective.