There are many types of thyroid disorders, and the following are common in clinical practice: (1) Goiter: an enlarged thyroid gland formed by the proliferation of benign thyroid epithelial cells. A simple goiter, also known as a non-toxic goiter, is a goiter with non-inflammatory and non-tumor causes that is not accompanied by clinical thyroid function abnormalities. Patients with goiter simplex account for about 5% of the population, the disease is disseminated, and the incidence is 3 to 5 times higher in women than in men. If the prevalence of simple goiter among children in a region exceeds 10%, it is called endemic goiter. (2) Hyperthyroidism: Hyperthyroidism refers to thyrotoxicosis caused by excessive production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland itself. The main causes of hyperthyroidism are diffuse toxic goiter (Graves’ disease), multinodular toxic goiter, and autonomic hyperfunctioning adenoma of the thyroid gland (Plummer’s disease). (3) Hypothyroidism: Hypothyroidism for short. It is a systemic hypometabolic syndrome caused by various causes of hypothyroidism or thyroid hormone resistance. Its pathology is characterized by the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in tissues and skin, which manifests as mucinous edema. The prevalence of clinical hypothyroidism reported abroad is 0.8%-1.0%, with an incidence of 3.5/1000. (4) Thyroiditis: Subacute thyroiditis, also known as granulomatous thyroiditis, giant cell thyroiditis, and thyroiditis, is a self-limiting thyroiditis associated with viral infection and generally does not leave hypothyroidism. With autoimmune thyroid disease, the etiology is all derived from thyroid autoimmunity. Therefore, some cases and thyroid autoantibodies appear to co-exist and transform each other. Postpartum thyroiditis is a form of autoimmune thyroiditis that occurs in the postpartum period. It is now believed that patients generally have occult autoimmune thyroiditis. Pregnancy acts as a trigger to promote the transformation of the disease from a subclinical to a clinical form. (5) Thyroid nodules: Thyroid nodules are a common clinical condition. Epidemiological investigations have shown that thyroid nodules are found on palpation in 1% of men and 5% of women in iodine-sufficient areas. Using high-definition ultrasound, the detection rate of thyroid nodules is as high as 19%-67% in randomly selected populations, with a higher prevalence in women and the elderly. The goal of thyroid nodule detection is to rule out or detect thyroid cancer. The detection rate of thyroid cancer in thyroid nodules is 5-10%. The detection rate varies depending on age, gender, history of radiation exposure, family history, and other factors. (6) Thyroid cancer: It accounts for 1% of all malignant tumors. The incidence rate reported abroad is about 0.5-10/100,000. According to the degree of tumor differentiation, thyroid cancer can be classified into differentiated and undifferentiated types according to histology. According to the histological origin, differentiated thyroid cancer can be classified into papillary thyroid cancer and follicular thyroid cancer, the former accounting for 75% of all thyroid cancers and the latter accounting for 16%; and medullary thyroid cancer accounting for 5%; undifferentiated thyroid cancer accounts for only 3%.