The vein gradually dilates, distally up to the last valve and proximally up to the vena cava. If the fistula hole is large, the pressure in the vein increases abruptly, and a few weeks after the trauma, a pulsatile mass can be seen locally due to venous distension, much like a pseudoaneurysm. When the fistula is small, the vein gradually expands at the fistula, the vein lining thickens, fibrous tissue proliferates, and an action-like wall forms due to the gradual thickening of the vein wall. How to effectively prevent and treat action-like wall? This disease is a group of pre-congenital diseases, so the prevention of this disease is mainly on the prevention of its complications. The main complications after pulmonary arteriovenous fistula resection can occur preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively, and can be prevented or minimized with active measures. Therefore, patients should be treated with antibiotics preoperatively to reduce cough and sputum volume, trained to cough effectively, and encouraged and assisted in coughing up sputum effectively postoperatively in order to minimize complications. For the primary treatment, pulmonary arteriovenous fistula where there are symptoms and lesions confined to the patient, need surgical treatment. Even if there are no obvious symptoms, rupture, hemorrhage, bacterial endocarditis, brain abscess, embolism and other fatal complications can occur due to progressive lesions, so all should be treated surgically. Surgery is contraindicated except for very small fistulas or diffuse involvement of both lungs. Infants and young children who are not severely symptomatic may be operated on in childhood. The surgical approach depends on the extent, number, and type. Lung resection is the most commonly used modality, and there are wedge, regional, lobular and total lung resections. The principle is to remove as little lung tissue as possible and maintain lung function. The operation starts with ligating the arteries and being alert for bleeding when dealing with adhesions. When fistulae due to abnormal vessels are found, ligation of the abnormal vessels is the simplest and most effective method. When it is impossible to resect or ligate the abnormal vessel, intra-aneurysmal suture closure can be performed.