Esophageal cancer is one of the common malignant tumors in human beings, mostly seen in elderly people in their 60s and 70s, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. The incidence rate of esophageal cancer in China is the first in the world, accounting for 60% of the total incidence, and the incidence rate of men is twice that of women. The incidence rate of esophageal cancer in our province remains high, especially in Fuyang and Cebu. The risk factors for esophageal cancer include dietary habits, environmental factors, family history and other factors. The chronic stimulation of esophageal mucosa, which is caused by the chronic stimulation of spicy, hard, overheated and rough food, eating too fast, drinking strong alcohol and eating large amount of pepper, is likely to cause cancer in the process of continuous damage and repair. Traditionally, the commonly used radical esophageal cancer surgery includes left transthoracic all-incision, right transthoracic and transabdominal two-incision, right transthoracic, transabdominal and transcervical three-incision, etc. The incision of thoracic and abdominal surgery is long, traumatic and has many postoperative complications. In clinical practice, for early and mid-stage esophageal cancer with tumor less than 5 cm and no obvious invasion, esophagectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection can be successfully completed through thoracoscopy and laparoscopy. There is no long incision in the chest and abdomen, and the patient has less bleeding, less pain, fewer cardiopulmonary complications, faster recovery, and the surgery meets aesthetic requirements. Thoracoscopic surgery is not only limited to the treatment of early esophageal cancer, but also widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of early lung cancer, small isolated lung nodules, pneumothorax, pulmonary alveoli, mediastinal tumors, hand sweating and other diseases.